Day 1 Befamiliar With MDSR Database, Nov 2016 (Autosaved)

Become familiar
with MDSR
database
MDSR database,
First day
Adama, July 2021
MDSR data analysis & interpritation 1
Learning objective
At the end of the first day the participants are
expected to be familiar with…
1. The MDSR database and how it flows
2. Software for data entry and analysis
3. The data entry process
4. Exporting data to other software for analysis [SPSS]
5. Preparing the data for analysis

[cleaning, and consistency of variables]
6. Transforming of variables to make meaningful

The MDSR database
What is MDSR?
• Maternal death surveillance and response
• Maternal death [definition]
• Surveillance
[continuous data collection, analysis, interpretation,
dissemination and using the finding for action]
• MDSR is therefore, the surveillance of maternal death

and immediate response to the problem

Cont…
What is database?
• Systematically collected data, ready for analysis
• Usually, data found and entered into a computer and

displayed on raw and column [displayed in spread sheet]
MDSR-database
• Data from MDSR that is collected and ready for analysis
• We do have data entered into a computer in a continuous

manner since 2006 [Eth. Calendar]
• It is ready now for analysis [time]

Problems in entry, MDSR
• Missing entry [corrected at data collection]
• Missing data is a problem
• If people who enter data are negligent, it may result in missing (missing
data)
• Inconsistency [corrected at data collection]

• Not related to each other
• Not a fixed entry [Programed entry]

• Eg Name of Woreda, Zones, Religion, Ethnicity
• Coding is important [fixed code entry]
• [all software value (upper/ lower) alphabets are analyzed differently
• Dates are in real number [Programed entry]

• [not a date format]
• Date of death,
• Date of reporting [since it is numeric, it may be useful for analysis]
Data flow and data review
Data Data Sent for

entry Data entry
collection Review
For re-collection
Data Review (1) Data Review (2) Programed

• Completeness • Completeness entry
• Consistency • Consistency
By data collection By data supervisor

Before data entry
1) Data collection level
• Reviewing the questionnaire [MDSRF] before data entry is
crucial.
• The case based should be reviewed for
1) incompleteness and (2) non-consistency response
1) Incompleteness
• It is presence of unfilled question within a questionnaire.
• Incompleteness due to skipping pattern of the question
is not considered as incomplete.
• It should be filled during interviewing or during data
collection
Cont…
2) Non-Consistency of response
• Relationship between different questions is
inconsistent (not similarly flowing)
• Eg
• Date of report is before date of death
• Cause of death abortion and obstructed labor
• Core cause of maternal death [2 or more causes]
• It should be reviewed during interviewing (data

collection), or by a supervisor before data entry.
• A questionnaire that is incomplete and inconsistent

should be re-collected before sending for entry
Data entry flow
Data Data
Analysis
Reviewed entry
Check
Create Software
MDSR data analysis & interpritation entry Form (IT expert)
9
Software for data entry and
analysis
• The MDSR data is entered into a
computer using EPI-INFO Vers. 7
• Data is entered at district,

regional and national level
• It is a programed software that

allows entry of raw information of
each deceased mother in the
country
• Data are entered one at a time as

recorded by the MDSR report
format
• Sample MDSR reporting Cont…
R
format ready to be filled for a
D S
deceased mother
M
l e
• After information is filled in p
m
the format, it is reviewed for
completeness and consistency
Sa
EPI-INFO- V. 7
• The epi-info template is a
te
programed entry format,
through which information is p la
m
entered into a computer
Te
l e
• A trained data clerk usually p
m
enters the data, and is
reported to the next hierarchy
Sa
Futures in the default menu
Create forms
will be important to create a
template (a questionnaire)
Enter data
will be important to enter
data into the computer
Analysis data
will be important to
analyze data using epi-info
Create Maps
will be important to do
with GPS
Futures
Create forms
in the default menu
Enter data
ll be important to create a will be important to enter
emplate (a questionnaire) data into the computer
Statcalc
Create Maps important as calculator,
will be important to do sample size and power
with GPS and more
Analysis data
will be important t
analyze data using e
info

Appearance of a template (example)

o 7
f
p -i in
in e
ta
d da
ere
nt
o fe
p le
s am
A
Entering data exercise
A 30 minutes of practice to enter data
• Use factual data of MDSR report form, and enter it into a
computer in epi info 7
1. Open a new epi-info
2. Click on the Enter data
3. Click on open form
4. Chose the file name having *.prj extension
5. Follow till a template appears
6. analysis
MDSR data Enter data
& interpritation 16
1. Open a new epi-info
2. Click here on
1. Click here on Open form
Enter data
4. Shade the
name of table
3. Click here
and chose the
file ‘*.prj’
5. Click here
the ‘OK’
1. Open a new epi-info [new]
1. Click here on
enter data
2. Click here on
Open form
4. Shade the
name of table
3. Click here
and chose the
file ‘*.prj’
5. Click here
the ‘OK’
A form [template] for entry

Parts of the epi info for analysis

1. Classic analysis
• The window for classic analysis comes by clicking
the classic
• A new window that allows to work with analysis

command will appear
• The analysis command has data, variable, select/if,

statistics, advanced statistics and output command
• Within each subcommand there are subtitle tree

command

Analysis command within classic
analysis
Data command
Used to work with
file and data reading
Variable command
Used to work with variable
creation & recoding
Select/if command
Used to work with
conditional manipulation
Statistics command
Used to work with simple
descriptive analysis and
graphics
Advanced Statistics command
For advanced analytic analysis
Statistic command
List: It is a command to illustrate the grid
of variables and data in a spreadsheet
Frequency: It is a command to do
frequency distribution
Table: It is a command to do a
relationship between two attributes
Mean: It is a command to analyze the

mean (central distribution) of
quantitative Variable
Graph: It is a command to display a

descriptive frequency in a graph
form

Frequency command
• It is a command used to analyses frequency
distribution of categorical variables
• It provides the frequency [the count], and its

percentage.
• The percentage is the descriptive illustrator of the

finding
• Epi-info’s frequency also provides the 95% CI of the

percentage, useful for comparison
Procedure
1. Click Read
2. Click Browse and
find the file
You will get a menu to
1. Click frequency open the epi info file
3. Click or shade
the table
3. Click ok
This frequency window menu appears

2. Or Click the here to
select all variables Cont…
1. Click the pull down

to select variables
3. finally, Click Ok

Result of frequency
distribution
Frequency
95% CI of the proportion
Percentage

Percentage and 95% CI
• The percentage is better description than the frequency
• The percentage is the proportion of the event in the sample

[people within the data collected]
• The 95% CI is estimation of the percentage in the source

population [with upper and lower limit]
• Interpreted as [the proportion of the event in the source

population is within the given interval, with a 95% confidence]
• If we collect the same data 100 times, the proportion of the

event would be between the given limit in 95% of the
conditions
Frequency distribution
by Visual Dashboard in EPI Info
• Frequency distribution using Epi info visual dashboard starts by
reading first the data
1. Click the visual dashboard

 the menu window will be opened
2. There is three way to read the source of the data, and you
can open the source by clicking the arrow on ‘Set data source
now’
3. Another menu will be opened the file containing the MDSR

data
4. Choose what to do [as in a classical analysis]

1. If previously used, click on the pulldown menu, ‘recent data source’
2. If for first time, assess type of file [*.proj; *.mdb; *.exlx etc] and
MDSR analysis3. Browse the file, and choose the table and finally click the ‘Ok’ 29
Cont…
4. Confirmation of being read will be illustrated by illustrating the number
of records.
5. Within visual dashboard window, right click on any part of the center
to find a pulldown menu
6. Select ‘Add analysis gadget’ and choose the ‘frequency” or “Combined

frequency”
7. A new window menu of frequency with variables will be opened.
8. Select the categorical variable(s) you want to analyze
9. For ‘Combined frequency’ group variables are included for analysis
10. Finally, click the ‘Ok’

MDSR analysis 30
Practical procedure
click on the pulldown menu, ‘recent
data source’ and select the file,
If for the first time, assess type of file

[*.proj; *.mdb; *.exlx, etc]
1. If previously used, click on the pulldown menu, ‘recent data

source’ and select the file,
1. Click the visual
or dashboard First: Click the
2. If for
thethe
firstmenu window
time, assess typewill be [*.proj;
of file opened Visual
*.mdb; Dashboard
*.exlx,
etc] and browse the file, and choose the data and shade the
‘data source explore’ (table) and
2. Open the source by clicking the arrow on
‘Setthe
3. finally click data
‘Ok’source now’
MDSR analysis 31
Click the browse to Cont…
find the file,
Shade the form or table

under ‘data source explore’
Finally click the Ok
MDSR analysis 32
Confirmation of being read will be illustrated
by illustrating the number of records.
MDSR analysis 33
Cont….
Right click anywhere

in the dashboard
Select ‘Add analysis gadget’ and choose
1. The ‘frequency” or
2. The “Combined frequency”
MDSR analysis 34
Cont….
• Select the categorical variable(s)

you want to analyze
• You can select one by one by

pressing control
Finally Click “Ok’

MDSR analysis 35
Cont….
• Select the group variable(s)

you want to analyze
• You can select one by one by

pressing control
Finally Click “Ok’
MDSR analysis 36
Exercise 20 minutes
• Use the file MDSR
• Show frequency distribution (in table form) of

1. Place of death
2. Time of death (relative to birth)
3. Education level
• Show frequency distribution of group variables

(in table form) of
1. Direct causes of maternal death
• Use slides 24-37 procedures

MDSR analysis 37
Analysis of MDSR data
• Analysis of MDSR data needs a plan of
analysis
• Plan of analysis uses consideration of

• Data related to time
• Data related to background
• Data related to causation
• Data related to linking of the above conditions

Data related to time
• Time is a relevant condition in analysis of epidemiology
• Data may be analyzed for a defined time of event

occurrence of the MDSR data
• Time of occurrence of event is usually analyzed for:

1. Monthly data analysis [occurrence by Month]
2. Quarterly data analysis [occurrence divided by 3 months

interval]
3. Annual data analysis [analysis made by yearly]
• Analysis is made by filtering to the specific define time

Filtering by time
• In epi info the specific time is filtered using the following
procedure
1. Open the master file [*.proj, *.mdb, *.exle etc]
2. Click ‘select’ from select/if command of analysis command
3. A ‘select’ window menu opens, and select the year and

months required for entry
4. Put the time required using ‘and’ and ‘or’
5. When finished export the new file for analysis

Example to
Analyze data for 2008 and 2nd quarter
3.1.Click
ClickBrowse
the and
Read find the file
to open the
master data of MDSR
4. Click or shade
1. Click the the table
classic analysis
5. Finally, Click Ok

Cont…
6. See this is the master data by
looking at the number of records
9. Use the best expression like ‘=‘, AND, OR etc
((Year_D = 2008) and (Month_d >3 and Month_d<
7. Click the ‘select’ command from

theFinally,
10. select/if command
Click Ok menu
8. Select the variable containing the time entities

[year_d for year first then Month_d]
Cont…
12. To save the data click ‘Write(export)’ from

data command 13. of
Click
thethe browsecommand
analsysis and
write the new file name
14. Write the
name of table
13. Finally, Click
Ok
11. Now assess the number of records included,

and is time to save in a different file

Analysis using epi info
“Analysis data”
will be important to
analyze data using epi-
info

Two forms
Analysis through Analysis while

traditional epi-info visualizing the
analysis with results in tables
command and charts

Common Methods of
Data Organization and Presentation
• Data are displayed using tables, graphs, charts

and Maps
• Determining the type of measurement scale is

necessary to select type of summary
• Type of measurement scale could be
1. Nominal 2. Ordinal 3. Discrete 4. Continuous

Mechanism of displaying the findings
Type of display Table 2. Graphs/ charts 3. Maps
Any form of Table
measure
Categorical Pie chart
Bar chart
Continuous Histogram
Scatterplot
Time Line graph
Geographic area Spot map
Area map
MDSR dissemination 47
Displaying analysis finding
• Analyzed data is usually displayed by graphs
• Graphs include bar chart and pie chart for categorical data
displaying
• Histograms, box plot and scatter plots for continuous

variables
• Line [polygone] graphs when time is considered
• Those graphs are applicable using epi-info, Excel and word

office
• We will describe how a finding is displayed using excel office

and word office
Excel spread sheet
1. Copy the findings from EPI info or put the results manually
2. Shade the copied, or manually written and the comparison data
3. Select the insert window menu and select type of chart
 It is done
Cont…
Copied or manually entered data will be shaded

Data should be entered in percentage rather than in count
Proportion should be in the same unit [in percent (%), or per 1000 etc

Cont…
①
In the insert menu,

1. Select the ‘insert column or bar chart’ as in the above if
categorical (non-time, comparison in two groups)
2. Select ‘insert line or area chart’ if time trend is
considered
3. Select ‘Insert pie or doughnut chart’ if a categorical and

no comparison is thought
Cont…
In the insert menu, cont..

4. Select ‘insert statistics chart’ to use histogram
usually for continuous variables
5. Select ‘Insert scatter or bubble chart’ to compare

relationship of two continuous variables

Cont…
Now you are able to give the name, labeling of data and
the ‘Y’ and ‘X’ axis.
Displaying graphs with word
1. Open new word file
2. Open the insert menu of word
3. Click on the ‘Object’ and select “Microsoft Graph Chart”
4. You will see a sample bar chart and its data on a spread
sheet
5. Shade the data and replace manually data in SPSS result

and comparison data
6. It is done, [You are also able to edit]
7. Go to chart menu, and select ‘type of chart’ and chart

options to be manipulated
1. Open new word office
2. Click the insert menu
3. Click on the object pull down menu

The ‘Object’ menu
Select the “Microsoft Graph Chart”

MDSR data analysis & interpritation
Finally click “OK”
56
Time to put manually the
data
Sample
graph
by default
Sample spread
sheet by default
• Shade the spread sheet and delete it

• Manually put result from your SPSS output and its comparison
• Now, it is done
Cont….
1. Editing the graph is through clicking ‘Chart’ and selecting :
a. “Type of chart”
[to select bar chart, line chart, pie chart etc]
b. “Chart option” Chart

[to label the title, the X and Y axis, ]
2. On the graph itself, to manipulate other editions

Exercise [20 minutes]
Region Presence of Absence of
hemorrhage hemorrhage
Addis Ababa 13 (56.5) 10 (43.4)

Amhara 54 (55.7) 43 (44.3)
Dire Dawa 9 (25.0) 27 (75.0)
Harari 1 (14.3) 6 (85.7)
Oromia 48 (49.0) 50 (51.0)
1. Graph using excel
2. Graph using word

SPSS SPSS SPSS
SPSS
If you want to
analyze using
SPSS, you can
follow the self
explanatory slides
Software for data analysis
• Data would be analyzed by SPSS, Excel and/ or
simple calculator
• SPSS is selected, because it is widely practiced in

the country [by health professionals]
• It is easy and friendly to most health professionals
• Data and analysis result are simply displayed and

easily interpretable
• The software is available with less price

SPSS/ Windows
SPSS/Windows is built by three primary and distinct
windows:
1. Data Editor window 2. Syntax Editor window
3. the Viewer window

SPSS/Windows
The type of window
1. Data Editor, 2. Syntax Editor, 3. Viewer
• The type of window is visible on the top center of each window.
Window Name

1. Data editor
window
•It is the view where we see our data
•It is useful to see and manipulate the data
•It has *.sav extension
•It has two views,

1. Data view and 2. Variable view
• Views can be exchanged by clicking the view

we wish at the left most lower side of the data
editor
SPSS/Windows
Data editor view
Data view Variable view

SPSS/Windows
a. Data view
Here you simply observe
•Names of variables
•the values of the variables
•We are able to edit directly

the values of variables
•Data can be entered when

SPSS is in data view
SPSS/Windows
Rows and Column
1. Rows are horizontally recorded values of different
variables of a single study subject
2. Column is vertically recorded single variable of

many study subjects
Column
A single Variable’s value
across all study subjects
Rows
(Single study subject’s
information)
SPSS/Windows
b. Variable view
• It is important to create
new variables in SPSS
• It is by writing name of
variable, type of variable,
its label and its value

SPSS/Windows
b. Variable view
1. Names of variables
2. Type of variables
3. Width/ Decimals
4. Label of the variables
5. Labels of values of variable

2. The Viewer window
It is displayed after any data manipulation
 Analysis result, commands are displayed in

the viewer window
 Editing of graphs is also performed in this

window field.

Cont…
The Viewer window
displays all
•Statistical results,
•Tables, and
•Charts
•Commands…… etc.
•It has *.spv extension

3. The Syntax
Editor
 It is the window in which SPSS commands can be typed and
submitted for processing.
 Commands saved in files can be opened in a syntax Editor

window for processing.
 it has *.sps extension
SPSS Syntax Editor

Cont…
ntax ater
a sy d l
c e uce
du prod
ro
n p be re
• A syntax file is formed by two
a
c n
h
re
e t ca ways;
in g tha
ck m
Cli ogra
Pr 1. Manual writing (for
programmers)
2. By clicking at ‘paste’ of any

function in recoding,
transforming or analysis
3. Resent versions also keep

syntaxes at the viewer
windows

Cont…
Syntax development from any function
• First manupilate the function
Eg.
anlysis Descriptive statistics Frequency
The frequency menu will appear
After entering the

MDSR data analysis & interpritation
variables click ‘past’ 75
SPSS/Windows
• A written syntax menu having the program will
appear as below
Syntax menu
Program with
a command

SPSS/Windows
• Once a syntax is written, we are able to excute it.
• In excuting a syntax we are able to do the whole program

as whole or by selecting part of the syntax
• To do the whole syntax, select the ‘run’ from the

pulldown menu of the syntax and select ‘all’
• To excute part of the syntax, shade it and run the file

SPSS/Windows
The Viewer window displays all statistical results, tables,

and charts.
SPSS Viewer

SPSS/Windows
The second important feature is its use of Pull-down
menu items and tool bars.
Pull-down
Menu Items

SPSS/Windows
The tool bar provide a quick, easy method of
accessing commonly required tasks.
Tool Bar

Different Windows,
Different pull down Menu
Items

SPSS/Windows
Pull-down items important for discussion when a
person wants to use SPSS
Pull-down
Menu Items
Data, Transform, Analysis, Graphs

Analysis Analysis
Descriptive Stat
Compare means
Correlate
Regression
Scale
Nonparametric
Survival
Exporting data to SPSS software
• Exporting data from epi info format to SPSS
• Exporting from any database format to SPSS
• The SPSS analysis menu

Exporting data from epi info format to
SPSS
• EPI info has an access file format [Microsoft]
• The file has *.mdb extension
• Direct exporting to SPSS is not possible, but is

exportable to excel Microsoft
• Excel spread sheet is directly read by SPSS
• It is also exported through stat-transform [stata

software]
EPI-Info I Excel II SPSS
I. From EPI-Info to MS excel

1. Open the data in EPI-Info 2. click on, Line listing,
3. Options in line listing

1. Interactive
2. Printable (HTML)
3. MS excel
4. Chose the MS excel

and save the excel format

Cont…
II. From MS excel to SPSS
1. Open SPSS data editor
2. Click ‘File’ to see the pull down menu
3. Click ‘open’ then ‘data’
4. By clicking the file type,

you are able to find the type of software

Practical, [15 minute exercise]
I. From EPI-Info to MS excel

1. Open Epi-info
2. Open the data
3. click the ‘line listing’ pull down menu
4. Chose the ‘MS excel’
5. Save the data in excel format

Cont…
II. From MS excel to SPSS
1. Open new SPSS
2. Click the file pull down
3. Select ‘Open’ followed by ‘data’
4. Click the file type, pull down menu
5. Select excel format
6. Chose the file and open it

Direct from any software to SPSS
• Using stat-transfer, stat transfer 9.
Input/ output file discribing
type of sofware
Place where the file

Can be browsed

Procedure 2. Select type of statistical software
you want to convert
1. Click first here and

A pull-down menu and list of statistical
software types will be displayed
3. Click the Browse to find, and

select the file you want to convert
Cont… 5. Select type of statistical software
you want to use
4. Click first here and

A pull-down menu and list of statistical
software types will be displayed
7 Finally, click the transfer and

number of transferred variables 6. Click the Browse to find, and
will be displaced select the file you want to convert
Practical exercise [10-15 minutes]
1. Open stat transfer
2. Click on the ‘Input file type’, and select excel
3. Select ‘file specification’ and ‘Browse’ to select your

file.
4. Click on the ‘output file type’, and select SPSS for

windows
5. Select ‘file specification’ and ‘Browse’ to save the

changed SPSS file.
6. Finally, click the transfer

Opening an SPPS file [*.sav]
The SPSS software should be installed in the
computer
1. Clicking the SPSS file
2. Clicking open icon and searching the file
3. Clicking file pulldown, choosing ‘open’ and

clicking ‘data’. In the menu selecting the file

Cont…
Option I
1. Click the
Open icon
2. Search the file and

open it as in other
Option II programs
File Open Data

Practical session to open
SPSS
A 10 minute practice to open an SPSS file
1. Open new SPSS
2. Click the file pull down menu
3. Select ‘Open’ followed by ‘data’
4. Click the file type, pull down menu
5. Select SPSS file in *.sav extension
6. Chose the file and open it

Preparing data for analysis
• Once data is entered and exported to SPSS
[analyzing software], preparing it for analysis is
essential.
• It is through cleaning and managing missing values
• Cleaning is the process of similarzing of the soft

copy with the hard copy.
• Cleaning can be done by sorting ascending/

descending, frequency in analysis and through
cross tabulating for consistency.
Cleaning the data 1. Right click on
the variable
1. Cleaning using ‘sorting’
• In data view of data editor, right
click on the variable, and select first
‘ascending’ and assess for any
outlier including missing
• Repeat and select for ‘descending’

and assess for outlier
2. Select either
• Do the sorting for each variable Ascending/ Descending
• When there is a problem correct the

softcopy based on the hard copy

Sorting
Ascending Descending
When the option is only

1 or 2 if you find other, you
consider as if it has entered
by mistake. It needs correction

1. Click on
the frequency Cont…
2. Cleaning using frequency
• It is through pull down of the analysis

menu 2. Transfer variables to
variable list
• Selecting ‘Descriptive Statistics’ then
the ‘Frequency’
• Do the frequency for all variables
• Assess again for outliers in each

variable, and compare with the hard
copy
• Hard copy= Variable in a paper

3. Finally Click ok
• Soft copy = Variable in the SPSS file
Example
Wrong
entries
101
1. Click on
Cont…
the frequency
Analysis  Descriptive statistics  crosstabs
3. Cross-tabulating 2. Send consistent

Variable 1
• Cross-tabulating is done to assess
for consistency
• Some variables are related to

other variables [consistent]
5. Finally assess
• the findingVs sex
Eg Pregnancy
• [Male sex should not be pregnant]
3. Send consistent
• [sexually inactive could not be Variable 2
pregnant]
4. Finally
• Finally assess Click ok
the finding
Example of inconsistency

Practical excersise [20-
minutes]
1. Cleaning using sorting Ascending/ descening
2. Cleaning using frequency
3. Assessing for inconsistency through

crosstabulating

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Become familiar

2. Software for data entry and analysis

3. The data entry process

4. Exporting data to other software for analysis [SPSS]

5. Preparing the data for analysis

6. Transforming of variables to make meaningful

• Maternal death [definition]

• MDSR is therefore, the surveillance of maternal death

MDSR data analysis & interpritation 3

• Usually, data found and entered into a computer and

• We do have data entered into a computer in a continuous

• It is ready now for analysis [time]

• Inconsistency [corrected at data collection]

• Not a fixed entry [Programed entry]

• Dates are in real number [Programed entry]

Data Data Sent for

Data Review (1) Data Review (2) Programed

By data collection By data supervisor

MDSR data analysis & interpritation 6

• It should be reviewed during interviewing (data

• A questionnaire that is incomplete and inconsistent

• Data is entered at district,

• It is a programed software that

• Data are entered one at a time as

MDSR data analysis & interpritation 13

MDSR data analysis & interpritation 14

1. Open a new epi-info

2. Click on the Enter data

3. Click on open form

4. Chose the file name having *.prj extension

5. Follow till a template appears

MDSR data analysis & interpritation 19

MDSR data analysis & interpritation 20

• A new window that allows to work with analysis

• The analysis command has data, variable, select/if,

• Within each subcommand there are subtitle tree

MDSR data analysis & interpritation 21

Mean: It is a command to analyze the

Graph: It is a command to display a

MDSR data analysis & interpritation 23

• It provides the frequency [the count], and its

• The percentage is the descriptive illustrator of the

• Epi-info’s frequency also provides the 95% CI of the

This frequency window menu appears

MDSR data analysis & interpritation 25

1. Click the pull down

MDSR data analysis & interpritation 26

95% CI of the proportion

MDSR data analysis & interpritation 27

• The percentage is the proportion of the event in the sample

• The 95% CI is estimation of the percentage in the source

• Interpreted as [the proportion of the event in the source

• If we collect the same data 100 times, the proportion of the

1. Click the visual dashboard

3. Another menu will be opened the file containing the MDSR

4. Choose what to do [as in a classical analysis]

6. Select ‘Add analysis gadget’ and choose the ‘frequency” or “Combined

7. A new window menu of frequency with variables will be opened.

8. Select the categorical variable(s) you want to analyze

9. For ‘Combined frequency’ group variables are included for analysis

10. Finally, click the ‘Ok’

If for the first time, assess type of file

1. Open the master file [.proj, .mdb, *.exle etc]