Basic Maths

LEARN FROM THE BASICS

STRONG IN FUNDAMENTALS
Division
8÷2
4
2 8
8
0
Division
12 ÷ 3
4
3 12
12
0
Division
32 ÷ 2
16
2 32
2
12
12
0
Division
100 ÷ 4
25
4 100
8
20
20
0
Division
1289 ÷ 5
257.8
5 1289
10
28
25
39
35
40
40
Division
The value of 1001 ÷ 11 ÷ 13
91 7
11 1001 13 91
99 91
11 0
11
0
Practise sums
1) 6 ÷ 2
2) 18 ÷ 3
3) 26 ÷ 2
4) 144 ÷ 4
5) 1262 ÷ 2
COMBINATION OF MULTIPLICATION
AND DIVISION
1. 24 ÷ 2 x 12 = ?
2. 21 x 6 ÷ 3 = ?
3. 25 x 10 ÷ 5 = ?
4. 15 ÷ 3 x 7 = ?
5. 99 ÷ 3 x 3 ÷ 9 = ?
SOLUTION
1. 24 ÷ 2 x 12 = 144
2. 21 x 6 ÷ 3 = 42
3. 25 x 10 ÷ 5 = 50
4. 15 ÷ 3 x 7 = 35
5. 99 ÷ 3 x 3 ÷ 9 = 11
Square root for perfect Squares

Perfect Squares and their Roots

12 = 1 112 = 121 212 = 441
22 = 4 122 = 144 222 = 484
32 = 9 132 = 169 232 = 529
42 = 16 142 = 196 242 = 576
52 = 25 152 = 225 252 = 625
62 = 36 162 = 256 262 = 676
72 = 49 172 = 289 272 = 729
82 = 64 182 = 324 282 = 784
92 = 81 192 = 361 292 = 841
102 = 100 202 = 400 302 = 900
Squares for Two Digit Numbers

Advisable to learn the values of squares of all numbers till 10.

242
22 42
4 16
(2 x 2 x 4) 16
576
Squares for Two Digit Numbers

872

82 72
6449
(2 x 8 x 7) 112
7569
Practise Sums

1) 162
2) 242
3) 332
4) 462
5) 582
Squares for Three Digit Numbers

2262

1
222 62
48436
(2 x 22 x 6) 264
51076
(a + b + c)² = a²+2ab+(b²+2ac)+2bc+c²

Ex: 253² (a=2, b=5, c=3) = 64009

Squares for Three Digit Numbers

7872

1
782 72
608449
(2 x 78 x 07) 1092
619369
3 Digit Numbers 100 – 900
1982
198 +2 = 200 200 x 196
X
198 -2 = 196 100
04 = 392
Multiply the highlighted values (2x2 = 4)
Multiply the added and subtracted values ( 2 x 196 = 392)
= 39204
3 Digit Numbers 100 – 900
6112
611 +11 = 622 600 x 622
X
611 -11 = 600 100
121 = 3732
Multiply the highlighted values (11x11 = 121)
Multiply the added and subtracted values ( 6 x 622 = 3732)
= 3732 121
= 373321
Practise Sums

1) 2162
2) 1642
3) 1432
4) 7262
5) 5582
Square Root
Square root of a number is an inverse operation of squaring
a number. The Square of a number is the value of power 2 of
the number, while the square root of a number is the number
that we need to multiply by itself to get the original number.

Ex : √324 = Take L.C.M

Ans : 18
Square Root of 3 to 4 digit numbers

Step 1 : Square root of 3 to 4 digit numbers will be always 2

digit (AB).
Step 2 : Find the last digit with the help of last digit in
question. (Either Or option).
Step 3 : Next find the lowest tenth squares. It will be the first
digit (A).
Step 4 : Nearest value gives the second digit(B).
Square Root of 3 to 4 digit numbers 0² = 0
Square root of √ 7921 1² = 01
• The given number ends with “1”, so value must 2² = 04
ends with 12 or 92 . 3² = 09
• The first two number is 79, it lies between 82 and 4² = 16

92. Anyway 92 crosses 79, so it can be neglected. 5² = 25

It must be 82. 6² = 36

• Now decide 812 or 892. 7² = 49

8² = 64
• 7921 - 79 is near to (9 = 81)and far away from 8 .
2 2

9² = 81
• Answer is 89 2
Perfect Squares
√576 = 24
26
Perfect Squares

√1681 = 41
49
Perfect Squares

√11664 = 102
108
Practise Sums

1) √784
2) √2116
3) √3969
4) √15876
5) √27889
Cubes

13 = 1 113 = 1331 213 = 9261

23 = 8 123 = 1728 223 = 10646
33 = 27 133 = 2197 233 = 12167
43 = 64 143 = 2744 243 = 13824
53 = 125 153 = 3375 253 = 15625
63 = 216 163 = 4096 263 = 17576
73 = 343 173 = 4913 273 = 19683
83 = 512 183 = 5832 283 = 21952
93 = 729 193 = 6859 293 = 24389
103 = 1000 202 = 8000 303 = 27000
Methods of Cube
A Digit Starts with ‘1’

A Digit Ends with ‘1’

Both the Digits are Same

Different Digits
Number starts with ‘1’
173
Step 1: x1 y1 y2 y3 write it in this form take x as 1 and
y as 7 that will be 1 7 72 73
------> Carry forward
3 18 34
1 7 49 343
14 98
4 9 1 3
Number starts with ‘1’

133
Step 1: x1 y1 y2 y3 write it in this form take x as 1 and
y as 3 that will be 1 3 32 33
=1 3 9 27
6 18
2 1 9 7
Number ends with ‘1’

213
Step 1: y3 y2 y1 x1 write it in this form take x as 1 and
y as 2 that will be 23 22 2 1

1 ------> Carry forward

8 4 2 1
8 4
9 2 6 1
Number ends with ‘1’

413
Step 1: y3 y2 y1 x1write it in this form take x as 1 and y
as 4 that will be 43 42 4 1
------> Carry forward
4 1
64 16 4 1
32 8
68 9 2 1
Practise sums

1) 163
2) 143
3) 123
4) 313
5) 613
Same Numbers

223
Step 1: y3 cube the last digit 23

2 2
8 8 8 8
16 16
10 6 4 8
Same Numbers

773
Step 1: y3 cube the last digit 73

113 106 34
343 343 343 343
686 686
456 5 3 3
Different Numbers

233
Step 1: a3 3a2b 3ab2 b3

4 5 2
8 36 54 27

12 1 6 7
Different Numbers

423
Step 1: a3 3a2b 3ab2 b3

10 4
64 96 48 8

74 0 8 8
Practise sums

1) 333
2) 443
3) 553
4) 283
5) 563
Cube Root

To find the cube root of positive or negative

numbers. Given a number x, the cube root of x is a
number a such that a3 = x or a =³√ x.

Ex : ³√1728 = 12
Cube Root of 4 to 6 digit numbers
13 1
Step 1 : Cube root of 4 to 6 digit numbers will 23 8
33 27
be always 2 digit (AB).
43 64
Step 2 : Find the last digit with the help of last 53 125
digit. It will be the last digit of answer (B). 63 216
73 343
Step 3 : Remove last three numbers and take
83 512
remaining numbers. Also find first digit with 93 729
the help of remaining digits. 103 1000

Step 4 : Take the lowest number that will be

the first digit (A).
Cube root ends with the value
3
√2197
Cube root ends with the value
3
√35937
Cube root ends with the value
3
√205379
Practise sums
1) 3 √4913
2) 3 √5832
3) 3 √12167
4) 3 √54872
5) 3 √110592
LCM

LCM  All different numbers with higher powers

Find the LCM for 8,12,6,4
LCM

Find the LCM for 12,6,24,8

Practise sums

1) 10,9,8
2) 4,6,8,10
3) 18,24,32
4) 36,48,64
5) 12,15,20,54
HCF

HCF  All common numbers with lower powers

Find the HCF for 10,15,20
HCF

Find the HCF for 18,22,30

Practise sums

1) 10,12,16
2) 21,24,16
3) 15,25,30
4) 24,36,30
5) 3,6,9,12,15
Fraction Definition and Examples

Fraction is defined as the part of the whole thing.

Ex. I cut an apple into 4 pieces. In that four pieces

I got 3 pieces and my brother got one piece. Each
piece represents ¼. So, I got ¾th of the apple and
my brother got ¼th of the apple.
Terminology

Upper part in a fraction is called as Numerator.

Lower part in a fraction is called as Denominator.

Ex. is a fraction in that 3 is Numerator & 4 is

Denominator.
Types of Fraction

Proper Fraction
Improper Fraction
Mixed Fraction
Decimal Fractions
Reciprocal Fractions
Proper Fraction

Numerator < Denominator

A fraction whose numerator is less than

denominator is called Proper Fraction.

The decimal value of a proper fraction is always

less than ONE

Ex. , , , etc.,
Improper Fraction

Numerator ≥ Denominator

A fraction whose numerator is greater than or

equal to denominator is called Improper Fraction.

The decimal value of a improper fraction is

always greater than or equal to ONE

Ex. , , , etc.,
Mixed Fraction

Mixed fraction consists of a whole number and a

proper fraction.

Every improper fraction can be reduced into

mixed fraction

Ex. =
Decimal Fraction

Denominator = 10x

A fraction which has 10 and its power in in

denominator is called Decimal Fraction.

Ex. , , , etc.,
Reciprocal Fraction

Reciprocal means INVERSE

This is the process of changing the positions of

Numerator & Denominator.

Ex. What is the reciprocal fraction of 3/8?

Answer = 8/3 = 2 2/3

Addition and Subtraction

Find the LCM of Denominators.

Convert all Denominators into LCM at the same

time change Numerators also.

Now do addition or subtraction of Numerators

and don’t add or subtract Denominators.
Addition

+ =?
LCM OF 6, 8 = 24

= × =
= × =
+ = +=
Addition

+ =?
LCM OF 4, 9 = 36

= × =
= × =
+ = +=
Subtraction

- =?
LCM OF 3, 5 = 15

= × =
= × =
- = -=
Subtraction

- =?
LCM OF 3, 7 = 21

= × =
= × =
- = -= =1
Practise sums

1) + =?
2) + =?
3) - =?
4) - =?
5) - =?
Multiplication

Divide both Numerators & Denominators

with a common multiple.
After all multiply the numbers in
Numerator and write the answer above &
multiply the numbers in Denominator and
write the answer below.
Multiplication

× = × (Divided by 5)
= × (Divided by 2)
= =
Multiplication

× = × (Divided by 6)
= ×
=

=2
Division

Take Reciprocal Fraction of second number

and do the same steps of Multiplication
method.
Division

÷ = (cross multiply or reciprocal)

=
=3
Division

÷ = (cross multiply or reciprocal)

=
=4
Practise sums

1) x =?
2) x =?
3) x =?
4) ÷=?
5) ÷=?
LARGE AND SMALL
Find the biggest and smallest fraction
1). , , , ?

, , , ?

, , , ?

, , , ?
1).Find the biggest and smallest fraction , , ,
Step 1 : Find the type of fraction
Step 2 : Check the difference of Nr and Dr
Step 3 : In proprer fraction smallest numerator is the
smallest fraction and vice versa
, ,,
All Proper fraction with difference 1
Small = ; large =
2). Find the biggest and smallest fraction , , ,
Step 1 : Find the fraction type.
Step2 : Check the difference of Nr and Dr.
Step 3 : In Improprerfraction smallest numerator is the
largest fraction and vice versa
, , ,
All Improper fraction with difference 1
Small = ; large = .
Find the biggest and smallest fraction , , , ?
• Proper fraction : , ,
• Improper fraction :
• Step 3 : Always Improper fraction is greater than proper
fraction
Small = ; large =
Find the biggest and smallest fraction , , , ?
• Step 1 : Find the fraction type.
• Step 2 : Check the difference of Nr and Dr.
Difference = 4 , 5 , 5 , 4
Replace denominator with difference and x with LCM
x 20 = 35 , x 20 = 12 , x 20 = 36 , x 20= 55
Large = ; small =
DECIMAL TO FRACTION
Convert into fractions:
• 0.275
• 1.26

• 12
• = =
27 = non-recurring value, 5 = recurring value .
Here, 9 = n(recurring) , 0 = n(non recurring value )
• = =
• = =
• 12 = =
• Add :
1). 0.3333 + 0.333 + 0.33 + 0.3 = ?
a) 1.2963
b) 1.2965
c) 1.2983
d) 1.2962
2).Add : 12.36 + 1.6 + 2.035 + 71 = ?
3).Add : 17 + + 17.85 = ?
4).Multiply : 1 x 0.3 x 1.01 x 0.003 = ?
1). 0.3333 + 0.333 + 0.33 + 0.3 = ?
0.3333 + 0.333 + 0.33 + 0.3
Decimal value = (4) (3) (2) (1)
Multiply place value with given number
0.3333 + 0.333 + 0.33 + 0.3
(4x3) (3x3) (2x3) (1x3)
12 9 6 3 = 1.2963
3). 17 + + 17.85 = 52.65
17 = 17 + 0 = 17 +
= 17 + = 17 + 0.5 = 17.5
= 17 + = 17 +
= 17 + = 17 + 0.3 = 17.3
17.5 + 17.3 + 17.85 = 52.65
FRACTION TO PERCENTAGE

To change the fraction to percentage, divide the

numerator and denominator and then multiply by 100.
EXAMPLE:
13 / 20 = 0. 65 = 0. 65 * 100 = 65%
5/ 10 = 0.5 = 0.5 * 100 = 50 %
Convert into %

1. 12/24
2. 5/16
3. 50/65
4. 8/33
5. 9/15
SOLUTION
1. 12/24 = 50%
2. 5/16 = 31. 25%
3. 50/65 = 76. 9%
4. 8/33 = 24.24 %
5. 9/15 = 60%
BODMAS
BRACKETS-OVER-DIVISION/MULTIPLICATION-
ADDITION/SUBTRACTION

Over includes Exponentials, Surds, Bars, Logs, etc.,

B(),{},[]
O  √ and powers, Surds, Bars, Logs, etc.,
D  Division
M  Multiplication
A  Addition
BODMAS

(24-18) x 2(16+4-5)
= 6 x 2(20-5)
= 6 x 2(15)
= 6 x 30
= 180
BODMAS

2 - 1 ÷ 2 -5
7 4 3 6
=2– 1x3 -5
7 4 2 6
=2 - 3 -5 = 2 – 9 – 20 = 2 - - 11
7 8 6 7 24 7 24
= 2 + 11 = 48 + 77 = 125
7 24 168 168
BODMAS

√((3x1-4²/2³)²+3+√25)

3x1-4²/2³ = 3-16/8 = 3-2 = 1

√25=5

√1+3+5 = √9 = 3
BODMAS

÷
5+√4+8 x 2 2+32+1/2 of 80?

=5+2+8 x 2 ÷2+9+1/2 x 80
=5+2+16 x 2+9+40
=5+2+8+9+40
=64
Practise sums

1) 1 [ { -3(1+2)} 10]
2

2) 8+2x3÷ 2 – 1 + 32

3) 8+6÷2+8x4

4) 9 – 2 x 8 ÷ 4 + 10
5) √((5x1-6²/3³)²+9+√36)
Divisibility Rule
NUMBER DIVISIBILITY RULE

2 Last Digit = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8

3 Sum of Digits divisible by 3

4 Last two digits divisible by 4

5 Last Digit = 0 or 5

6 Last Digit = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 & Sum of Digits divisible by 3

Double the last digit and subtract it from a number made by the
7
other digits. The result must be divisible by 7
8 Last three digits divisible by 8

9 Sum of Digits divisible by 9

11 (Sum of odd digits)-(sum of even digits) is 0 or divisible by 11

Divisibility

1) Check if 570240 is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11?

2) Which of following is not divisible by 4?

(A) 896702
(B) 986824
(C) 788312
(D) 885536
SURDS

Surds are the square roots (√) of numbers that

cannot be simplified into a whole or rational
number. It cannot be accurately represented in a
fraction.
Ex: 3√27 =3;
√ 16=2;
4

√2=1.41…Irrational
2
Practise sums

1) 3√8 = ?
2) 5√8 = ?
3) 2√11= ?
4) 3√16 =?
5) 4√64 = ?
SIMPLIFY :
• 4 3√5 + 2 3√5 - 3 3√5 = ?
• 5 3√40 + 2 3√625 - 3 3√320 = ?
• 3√27 x 3√8 x 3√125 = ?
• √35 / √7 = ?
• (7√a - 5 √b) (7√a + 5 √b) = ?
• Rationalise denominator : 7/√14
Indices

Index (indices)is the power or exponent which is

raised to a number or a variable.
Indices

32 x 3 3
= 32+3
=3

58 ÷ 56
= 5 8–6
=52
Indices
72 x 7 3
74
= 72+3
74
= 75
74
= 75 ÷ 7 4
= 75 – 4
= 71
Practise sums

1) 75 x 76

2) 44 ÷ 47

3) 97 ÷ 93

4) 68 x 63
64

5) 125 x 128
Simplification

Simplification is a process of converting

complicated structure into simple format.
Surds and Indices also a type of simplification
problem.
To approach these type of problems we need to
know about basic concepts of Surds and Indices
Simplification

(1024)(-4/5)?
= (210)(-4/5)
= (2)(-40/5)
= (2-8)
(1024)(-4/5) = 1/256
Simplification

21 – 12 x 2
3
= 21 – 12 x 2
3
= 21 – 4 x 2
= 21 – 8
= 13
Simplification

IF = Find the value of A.

= =
Same base, equate powers
A-1 = -A+3
2A = 4
A=2
Practise sums

1) (81)(-0.25)?
2) 16+8 ÷ 4 – 2 x 3 = ?
3) 13 – (12 – 6 ÷ 3)
4) 19 – [4+{16 – (12 – 2 )}]
5) (25)2 x 73
Power cycles
POWER CYCLE DIVIDE SOLUTION LAST
NUMBER EXAMPLE
R = (1, 2, 3, 0) BY (FIND REMINDER) DIGIT

2 2, 4, 8, 6 4 273 73/4 → R=1 2

3 3, 9, 7, 1 4 315 15/4 → R=3 7

4 4, 6 2 498 98/2 → R=0 6

5 5 1 ALWAYS LAST DIGIT WILL BE 5 5

6 6 1 ALWAYS LAST DIGIT WILL BE 6 6

7 7, 9, 3, 1 4 788 88/4 → R=0 1

8 8, 4, 2, 6 4 890 90/4 → R=2 4

9 9, 1 2 997 97/2 → R=1 9

Types of Numbers
Natural Numbers
Prime Numbers
Whole Numbers
Integers
Rational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
Complex Numbers
Imaginary Numbers
Natural Numbers

All countable numbers are known are known as

Natural numbers.
Natural numbers are denoted as N.
N ={1, 2, 3, .... ∞}
Whole Numbers

All countable numbers including zero are known

are known as Whole numbers.
Whole numbers are denoted as W.
W ={0, 1, 2, 3, .... ∞}
Integers

Integers includes Whole numbers and negative

value of Natural numbers.
Integers are denoted as Z.
Z ={-∞ …. ,-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, .... ∞}
Rational Numbers

Any numbers can be expressed as the form of p/q

is known as Rational numbers.
Rational numbers are denoted as Q.
Example 6/7, 3.56, 0.42, etc.,
Irrational Numbers

Any numbers cannot be expressed as the form of

p/q is known as Irrational numbers.
Irrational numbers are denoted as Q*.
Example √3, π, etc.,
Complex Numbers

Complex Number Consists of two parts. One is

Real Number & the other one is Imaginary
Number.
Complex numbers are denoted as C.
Imaginary Numbers

Imaginary Numbers are square root of negative

numbers.
i = √(-1) .
Example 2+3i
Here 2 – Real Number
3i – Imaginary Number
Prime Numbers

A Natural Number which is not divisible by any

other number except 1 and itself.
Ex. 7
Here 7 has only two factors (1 and 7).
1 is not a Prime Number.
2 is the only Even Prime Number.
Procedure for a number Prime or Not

NEED TO MEMORIZE PRIME NUMBERS

UPTO 100.
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47,
53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97
DIVISION BY 6.
DIVISION BY BELOW PRIME NUMBERS.
Is a Number Prime or Not ?
Is 587 a Prime number?
Step 1 : Division by 6
586/6= 97 (R = 4)
588/6= 98 (R = 0)
Possible outcomes are (2, 4), (4, 0) & (0, 2)
If 2 & 4 are remainders then the given number is not a
prime number (No need of step 2).
If 0 is remainder then the we move to Step 2.
Is a Number Prime or Not ?
STEP 2 (DIVISION BY BELOW PRIME NUMBERS)
√587 ≈ 25 (High Value)
Prime numbers below 25 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23.
Need to find Remainder by dividing the number by 2, 3, 5, 7, 11,
13, 17, 19, 23.
If any of the remainder is not equal to zero, then the given
number is not prime number.
If all the reminders are zero, then the given number is a prime
number.
587 is a Prime Number Because
1. 587/2 R≠0
2. 587/3 R≠0
3. 587/5 R≠0
4. 587/7 R≠0
5. 587/11 R≠0
6. 587/13 R≠0
7. 587/17 R≠0
8. 587/19 R≠0
9. 587/23 R≠0
Practise sums
1) Is 683 a prime number?

2) Is 337 a prime number?

3) Is 843 a prime number?

Triangular Numbers
To get triangular numbers keep on adding the natural
numbers from 1 to n.
It can be represented by a pattern of dots arranged in an
triangle.

1 1 4 10
2 3 5 15
3 6 6 21
Triangular Numbers
The formula for calculating the nth triangular number is:
T = (n)(n + 1) / 2.

16th triangular number

= 16(16+1)/2
= 16(17)/2
= 272/2
= 136
Triangular Numbers

13th triangular number

= 13(13+1)/2

= 13(14)/2

= 91
Remainder Formula

REMINDER OF = REMINDER OF
REMINDER OF = REMINDER OF
QUESTION
1) FIND THE REMINDER WHEN 17×23×13 DIVIDE
BY 9?

2) FIND THE REMINDER WHEN 117×223×134

DIVIDE BY 11?
ANSWER
1). AR = 8, BR = 5, CR = 4,
R = = → R=7

2) AR = 7, BR = 3, CR = 2,
R = = → R=9
Factors

Factors are the number that can be multiplied to

get given number.
Every number has a common factor of 1 & itself.
Ex. Factors of 20 = (1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20)
Multiples

Multiples are the product of a given number with

various integers
Every number has a common multiple of itself.
Ex. Multiples of 5 = 5, 10, 15, 20, etc.,
Factors

If & A, B, C are prime numbers,

Number of Factors = (P+1)(Q+1)(R+1)
Sum of Factors =
Product of Factors =
Factors
Find the factors of 28.

Find the factors of 38.

Find the first 10 Multiples of 3.

Find the first 5 Multiples of 6.

Factors

Factors of 28 = 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 & 28.

Factors of 38 = 1, 2, 19 & 38.
First 10 Multiples of 3 = 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24,
27, 30.
First 5 Multiples of 6 = 6, 12, 18, 24, 30.
Factors
Find the Number of Factors, Sum of Factors & Product of
Factors for 756?
756 =
Number of Factors
= (2+1)(3+1)(1+1) = 3×4×2 = 24
Sum of Factors
=
= 2240
Product of Factors = =
Factorial
The Factorial of a number is nothing but the product of
all natural numbers from 1 to n…. (n)! = (n) × (n-
1)!
Then,
(n-1)! = (n)!/n
Let n=1,
(n-1)! = (1-1)! = 1!/1 =1
Factorial

0! = 1
1!= 1
2!= 2*1
3!= 3*2*1
Practise Sums

1) 4!
2) 5!
3) 6!
4) 7!
5) 8!
Factorisation
Factorisation means writing the given expression
as a product of its factors.

To the factor, a number means to break it up into

numbers that can be multiplied to get the original
number.
28 14x2 ,7x4 14 ,2 ,7,4 are the factors

200 100x2,50x4,25x 100,2,50,4,25,8,20,10,40,5 are factors

8,20x10,40x5
Factorisation

1) 16 =2x2x2x2
2) 48 = 2 x 2 x2 x 2 x3
3) 17 = 17 x 1
Practise sums

1) 22 =?
2) 58 =?
3) 13 =?
4) 19 =?
5) 21 =?
Equation

The process of equating one thing with another is

called as equation.
Equation is a mathematical statement consisting
of an equal symbol between two expressions.
Ex. X+2 = 5
X+Y = 6
X2+4X+4 = 0
Equation

1) 2x-10
2) 3y+5
3) 3x2 – 3
4) 24x2 – 6x – 2
5) 21y2 + 8
Practise sums

1) 5x – 8
2) 32y – 13
3) 8x2 + 3x
4) 75y + 12
5) 108y2 – 7
Terms & Variables in equation
Variables
Unknown quantity of an equation is known as variable.
Ex. 52X2-9X+36 = 7M+82
Here,
Expression 52X2-9X+36 & 7M+82
Term 52X2, 9X, 36, 7M & 82
Co- efficient 52, -9 & 7
Constant 36, 82
Variable X, M
TYPES OF EQUATIONS
LINEAR EQUATION
QUADRATIC EQUATION
CUBIC EQUATION
POLYNOMIAL EQUATION
Types of Linear Equations

INCONSISTENT EQUATION (NO SOLUTION)

DEPENDENT EQUATION (MANY SOLUTION)

CONSISTENT EQUATION(ONLY ONE SOLUTION)

LINEAR EQUATION TYPES
SOLVING THE EQUATIONS
1. Simplify the given equation : 2(x+4)+3(x–5)–2y=0
Solution:
Given equation:
2(x+4)+3(x−5)–2y=0
2x+2×4+3x–3×5–2y=0
2x+8+3x–15–2y=0
5x–2y–7=0
2: Solve x + 1 = 9
Solution:
Given, x+1 = 9
If we bring 1 from LHS to RHS, then the sign of 1 will get
change.
x=9–1
x=8
Hence, is the solution.
Q.3: If x/7 = 21, then find x.
Solution: Given x/7 = 21
or x = 21 x 7
x = 147
PRACTICE PROBLEMS:
1. Solve x+12 = 6
2. Find the value of z, if 23z + 3 = 10
3. Solve 2y – 8 = 5y
Q 1: Find y, when, y + 15 = 30
Solution: y = 30 – 15
y = 15

Q 2 : Find x, when, 9x = 63
Ans. x = 63/9
x=7
3: Solve 15 + 5x = 0.
Solution: Given, 15 + 5x = 0
We need to solve for x here.
Let the term with x remain on the LHS and move the rest
terms to the RHS.
5x = 0 – 15
5x = -15
Now divide both the sides by 5.
(5x)/5 = -15/5
x = -3
Thus, x = -3 is the required solution.
4: Solve -10x – 19 = 19 – 8x
Solution: Given,-10x – 19 = 19 – 8x is the algebraic
equation.
We need to solve the given equation for x.
First write the terms with x on one side and other terms on
the other side. Thus, we will add 8x to both the sides
-10 x -19 + 8x = 19 – 8x + 8x
Now group the like terms.
-10x + 8x – 19 = 19
-2x – 19 = 19
Now add 19 both the sides.
-2x – 19 + 19 = 19 + 19
-2x = 38
Divide both sides by 2
(-2x)/2 = 38/2
-x = 19
Multiply both sides by -1
-x (-1) = 19 (-1)
x = -19
Therefore, x = -19 is the required solution.
1. 8z = 7z − 7
2. 9k = 8k − 11
3. 4x + 36 = 10x
4. 6x + 27 = 9x
5. c = −3c − 20
6. b = −4b − 15
Sum and Product of Roots
Sum of Roots = - ()
Product of Roots = ()

SIGN OF SIGN OF
PRODUCT SUM OF SIGEN OF ROOTS
OF ROOTS ROOTS

+ + BOTH ROOTS ARE POSITIVE

+ - BOTH ROOTS ARE NEGATIVE

- + LARGER ROOT IS POSITIVE & SMALLER ROOT NEGATIVE

- - LARGER ROOT IS NEGATIVE & SMALLER ROOT POSITIVE

• For a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,
• The roots are calculated using the formula, x = (-b ± √
(b2 - 4ac) )/2a.
• Discriminant is, D = b2 - 4ac.
If D > 0, then the equation has two real and distinct
roots.
If D < 0, the equation has two complex roots.
If D = 0, the equation has only one real root.
• Sum of the roots = -b/a
• Product of the roots = c/a
Sum and Product of Roots
Find the Sum and Product of Roots of following equation x 2-
4x-12 = 0?
Sum and Product of Roots
Find the Sum and Product of Roots of following equation
2x2-6x-8 = 0?
Practise sums
Basic Equations
1) 4 + x =20
2) 3x+4y =40
Find the Sum and Product of Roots of following equation
3) x2-x-30 = 0?
4) x2+3x-28 = 0?
5) y2-11y+28 = 0?
EQUATIONS WITH FRACTIONS
1. Solve x – 5/6 = 1/3
Solution:
X- 5/6 = 1/3
(6x – 5)/6 = 1/3
6x – 5 = 2
6x = 7
X = 7/6
2. X + 2/3 = -3/5
Solution:
X + 2/3 = - 3/5
(3x + 2)/3 = -3/5
3x +2 = -9/5
3x = -9/5 -2
3x = -19/5
X = -19/15
1. X–¾=¼
2. -9/5 x = ½
3. 7/3 x = 7/2
4. 2/5 x = -1/6
5. X + 4/9 = -3/4
EQUATIONS WITH VARIABLE IN
DENOMINATOR
¹⁄ₓ + ²⁄₍ₓ ₋ ₂₎ = 0
³⁄₂ₓ - ⅚ = ²⁄₃ₓ
1. ¹⁄₃ₓ + ¼ = ⁴⁄ₓ
2. ¹⁄₂ₓ + ¹⁄₂ = ²⁄ₓ
3. ⁽⁷ ⁻ ˣ⁾⁄₍₅ ₋ ₓ₎ = ³⁄₂
4. ½ = ⁽³ ⁻ ²ˣ⁾⁄₍₃ₓ ₋ ₈₎
5. ⁽³ˣ ⁻ ⁶⁾⁄₍ₓ ₋ ₄₎ = 2
LINEAR EQUATION WORD
PROBLEMS
A farmer cuts a 300 foot fence into two pieces of different
sizes. The longer piece should be four times as long as the
shorter piece. How long are the two pieces?
Solution:
x + 4x = 300
5x = 300
x = 60
If 4 blocks weigh 28 ounces, how many blocks weigh 70
ounces?
Solution:
X= 28/7 = 7
1 block weighs = 7
Therefore 70/7 = 10 blocks
1. A car uses 12 gallons of gas to travel 100 miles. How
many gallons would be needed to travel 450 miles?
2. If a gardener has Rs. 600 to spend on a fence which
cost Rs. 10 per linear feet and the area to be fenced in
is rectangular and should be twice as long as it is wide,
what are the dimensions of the largest fenced in area?
3. If a rectangle has a length that is three more than
twice the width and the perimeter is 20 in, what are
the dimensions of the rectangle?
4. Twice a variable is added to 4
5. Three times a number is subtracted from 7.
DIRECET PROPORTION
Direct proportion is the relationship between two
variables, which have a ratio that is equal to a
constant value.
This means that direct proportion is a situation
where an increase in one quantity causes a
corresponding increase in the other quantity or a
decrease in one quantity results in a decrease in
the other quantity.
Direct proportion is denoted by the proportionality
symbol (∝)
a∝ b
a= kb, where k is called a constant of proportionality.
Many real-life situations have direct
proportionalities, for example:
• The work done is directly proportional to the
number of workers.
• The cost of food is directly proportional to weight.
• The amount of gasoline consumed is proportional
to the distance traveled.
1. A car consumes 12 liters of gasoline for every 90
kilometers traveled. How far can the car travel
on 4 liters of gasoline?
2. The cost of 6 watermelons is 8 dollars. How many
watermelons can 20 dollars buy?
3. If 18 cows produce 396 liters of milk, how many
cows would it take to produce 550 liters of milk?
4. If it takes 6 workers 1 month to build 2 houses,
how many houses would 9 workers build in 1
month?
INVERSE PROPORTION
• Unlike direct proportion, where one quantity
varies directly as another quantity varies, in
inverse proportion, an increase in one variable
causes a decrease in the other variable and vice
versa. If the variable a is inversely proportional to
the variable b, then this can be represented with
the formula:
• a∝1/b​
• If we change the sign of proportionality to the
equal sign, we have the equation:
• ab=k
• where k is the constant of proportionality.
There are several situations in everyday life that
have inverse proportion relationships, for example:
• The time taken by a certain number of workers to
complete a job varies inversely with the number of
workers. This means that the more workers we
have, the less time it will take to complete the job
and vice versa.
• The speed of different means of transport such as
a car, a train, an airplane varies inversely with the
time taken to travel a certain distance. The faster
the speed, the less time it will take to cover a
certain distance.
1. If it takes 20 workers 8 days to harvest coffee on
a plantation. How long would it take 16 workers
to harvest the same plantation?
2. 9 taps can fill a tank in 4 hours. How long would
it take to fill the same tank if we have 12 taps
with the same water flow?
3. 4 people can unload a truck full of rice in 3
hours. How long would it take 7 people to unload
the same truck?
4. 6 writers who work 5 hours a day can transcribe
a book in 16 days. How many days will it take 4
writers to transcribe the same book, each
working 6 hours a day?
Percentage Definition
The percentage is a way of expressing a number as a
fraction of 100.

Per cent meaning “per hundred”

Percentage = Actual value x 100

Value Base value
Percentage Definition
Percentage means Out of 100

Total is always 100%

Denominator is always 100%

Percentage Definition
FRACTION PERCENTAGE FRACTION PERCENTAGE

1/2 50 1/11 9.09

1/3 33.33 1/12 8.33

1/4 25 1/13 7.69

1/5 20 1/14 7.14

1/6 16.66 1/15 6.66

1/7 14.2857 1/16 6.25

1/8 12.5 1/17 5.88

1/9 11.11 1/18 5.55

1/10 10 1/19 5.26

Percentage Definition
12% of 150
100% -------> 150
10% 2% 10% ---------> 15
1% ----------> 1.5
15 3
= 15 + 3
= 18
Percentage Definition
18% of 2400
100% -------> 2400
15% 3% 10% ---------> 240
1% ----------> 24
15 3
50% ---------> 1200
= 240+120+72 (24*3) 25% ---------> 600
= 432 5% ----------> 120
Practise sums
1) 13% OF 800

2) 17% OF 1100

3) 28% OF 1600

4) 50% OF 2500

5) 8% OF 4800
UNIT CONVERSIONS
UNIT CONVERSIONS
QUESTIONS
CONVERT THE FOLLOWING
1. 24 Hecto meter into meter
2. 17 kilo meter into centi meter
3. 37 gram into decigram
4. 375 gram into kilogram
5. 20 hectolitre into dekalitre
6. 17 litre into kilolitre
7. 2 hour into seconds
8. 3 decade into months
9. 5 years into months
SOLUTION
1. 24 Hecto meter = 2400 meter
2. 17 kilo meter = 17000 meter
3. 37 gram = 370 decigram
4. 375 gram = 0. 375 kilogram
5. 20 hectolitre = 200 dekalitre
6. 17 litre = 0. 017 kilolitre
7. 2 hour = 7200 seconds
8. 3 decade = 360 months
9. 5 years = 60 months
RATIOS AND PROPORTION

RATIO:
 Ratio is defined as comparision of two or
more similar varialbe.
 Symbol used in ratio is “ : ”
 Ex. A:B or A/B
 While comparing two variables, their units
should be same.
• Ratio = x:y

• Duplicate Ratio = x2:y2

• Triplicate Ratio = x3:y3

• Sub-Duplicate Ratio = :

• Sub-Triplicate Ratio =
QUESTIONS
1) Find the Duplicate & Triplicate Ratio of 5:6?

2) Find the Sub-Duplicate & Sub-Triplicate Ratio

of 64:729?
SOLUTION
1) Duplicate Ratio = 52:62 = 25:36
Triplicate Ratio = 53:63 = 125:216

2) Sub-Duplicate of 64:729
= : = 8:27
Sub-Triplicate Ratio of 64:729
= = 4:9
PROPORTION:
 Equality of two ratio is called Proportion.

 When two ratios are equal in value, then they

are said to be in propotion.

 Proportion is denoted by :: or =

 a:b :: c:d =
If a:b :: c:d, then

• a×d=b×c

• =
QUESTIONS
1. A:B = 9:10, B:C = 20:21, C:D = 7:11, then
find A:B:C:D?

2. A:B = 7:9, B:C = 3:5, C:D = 3:7 & D:E = 5:4,

then find A:E?
STEP BY STEP PROCESS
1) Keep common variables in center and form
a table (Two type of Table will be formed)
2) Fill the given values at respective columns
& rows.
3) Fill the empty boxes with nearest values.
4) Now cancel a common number from all
columns (But it will be different rows)
SOLUTION
1.
2.
AVERAGES
An average is a single number taken as
representative of a list of numbers, usually the sum
of the numbers divided by how many numbers are
in the list.

AVERAGE = TOTAL VALUE OF ALL THE

ITEMS
NUMBER OF ITEMS
• CONSECUTIVE NUMBERS = X , X+1 , X+2 , X+3,..

• CONSECUTIVE ODD NUMBERS = X , X+2 , X+4 ,

X+6,..

• CONSECUTIVE EVEN NUMBERS = X , X+2 , X+4 ,

X+6,..

• In all these types MID TERM is an average.

QUESTIONS
Find the Averages?

1) 4,5,6,7,8,9,10

2) 74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81

3) 23,25,27,29,31,33,35,37,39,41,43

4) 371,373,375,377,379,381

5) 82,84,86,88,90,92,94,96,98,100,102

6) 632,634,636,638,640,642
SOLUTION
1) 4,5,6,7,8,9,10 = 7

2) 74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81 = 77.5

3) 23,25,27,29,31,33,35,37,39,41,43 = 33

4) 371,373,375,377,379,381= 376

5) 82,84,86,88,90,92,94,96,98,100,102 = 92

6) 632,634,636,638,640,642 = 637
QUESTIONS
1. Find the Average of 33 and 35?

2. The average of first 10 Odd numbers is?

3. The average of first 10 even numbers is?

4. The average of first five consecutive even numbers

starting with 6, is?
SOLUTION
1. Find the Average of 33 and 35? 34

2. The average of first 10 Odd numbers is? 10

3. The average of first 10 even numbers is? 11

4. The average of first five consecutive even numbers

starting with 6, is? 10
QUESTIONS
1. A,B,C,D,E are five consecutive odd numbers and
their average is 53. What is the product of B and
D?
SOLUTION
Mid term is 53, so C = 53
The consecutive terms are 69,51,53,55,57.
B and D is 51 and 55.
Product of B and D = 51 x 55 = 2805
RELATIONS BETWEEN TIME, SPEED
& DISTANCE
RELATIONS BETWEEN TIME,
SPEED & DISTANCE
A D 1, S 1 & T 1
B D2, S2 & T2`

CONDITION PROPORTIONALITY RELATIONSHIP

S1 = S2 DαT =

T1 = T 2 DαS =

D1 = D2 Tα =
UNITS AND CONVERSION

UNITS LOW HIGH

DISTANCE m km

SPEED m/s kmph

TIME second hour

UNITS AND CONVERSION

UNITS & DIVISION MULTIPLICATION

CONVERSION (LOW TO HIGH) (HIGH TO LOW)

DISTANCE 1000 1000

SPEED 5/18 5/18

TIME 3600 3600

QUESTIONS
CONVERT THE FOLLOWING
i. 15km to m & 14560m to km
ii. 3.67hr to sec & 12600sec to hr.
iii. 55m/s to kmph & 216 kmph to m/s
SOLUTION
i). 1km = 1000 m 1m = 1/1000 km
15 km = 15 x 1000 14560 m =
= 15000 m 14560/1000 km
=14. 56 km

ii). 1 hour = 60 min 1 sec = 1/3600 hr

1 min = 60 sec 12600 sec =
1 hour = 3600 sec 12600/3600 hr
3.67 hr = 3.67 x 3600 = 3. 5 hr
= 13,212 sec
SOLUTION
1 m/s = 1/(5/18) km/hr
= 1 x 18/5
55 m/s = 55 x 18/5
= 198 km/hr

1 km/hr = 1 x 5/18 m/s

216 km/hr = 216 x 5/18 m/s
= 60 m/s
QUESTION
ARUN TAKES 72 SEC TO COVER A DISTANCE OF
400m THEN HOW MUCH TIME WILL HE TAKE TO
COVER A DISTANCE OF 6km?
SOLUTION
T = 72 D = 400 m
S = D/T = 400 /72 = 5.56 m/s.
S = 5.56 m/s = 5.56 x 18/5 = 20 km/hr.
D = 6 km
T = D/ S = 6/20 = 0.3 hrs.
QUESTION
BHUVI & CHANDRU COVERS A SAME DISTANCE IN
30 & 45 SEC RESPECTIVELY. THEN FIND THEIR
SPEED RATIO
SOLUTION
Bhuvi, D = d Chandru, D = d
T = 30 sec T = 45 sec
S1 = d/30 S2 = d/ 45

S1: S2
d/30 : d/45
d/30 x 45/d = 3/2
The ratio is 3: 2.
A cyclist travels at a speed of 20 km/hour. How far will
he travel in 50 minutes?
SOLUTION
Given that Speed = 20 km/ hour
Time = 50 Minutes = 5/6 Hour

Distance that can be travelled = Speed * Time = 20* 5/6 =

16.67 Km = 17 Km Approx.
Express the speed of 60 m per minute in km per hour ?.
• There are 60 minutes in an hour, so we multiply the
speed by 60: 0.06 km per minute * 60 minutes per hour
= 3.6 km per hour So, the speed of 60 meters per minute
is equal to 3.6 km per hour.

• 3.6 km per hour.

PROFIT AND LOSS
• cost price: The Price at which bought.

• Selling price: The price at which sold.

• Profit: selling price is more than cost price.

• Loss: selling price is less than cost price.

• Profit/ loss - The Difference between Cost Price and
Selling Price.

Discount - The Difference between Marked Price and

Selling Price.

PROFIT/LOSS % = PROFIT/LOSS x 100

COST PRICE

= S.P - C.P x 100

C.P
Selling price = marked price – discount

Discount percent = MP – SP x 100

MP
MP – Price marked in tag
QUESTION
1. A man buys a mobile for Rs.12000 and sells it at a
profit of 20%. Find the selling price ?

2. A man buys a mobile for Rs. 16000 and sells it at a

Loss of 25%. What is the selling price ?
SOLUTION
1. C.P = 12000 2. C.P = 16000
P = 20% L = 25%
SP = 120% SP = 75%
12000 100% 16000 100%
? 120% ? 75%
10% will be 1200 75% will be 12000
120% = 14400
SP = 12000
SP = 14400
QUESTION
3. A man Sold a Television for Rs.55000 at a Profit of
25%. What is the Cost price ?

4. A man Sold a Television for Rs. 25500 at a loss of

15%. What is the Cost price ?
SOLUTION
1. S.P = 55000 2. C.P = 25500
P = 25% L = 15%
SP = 125% SP = 85%
55000 125% 25500 85%
? 100% ? 100%
25% = 11000 CP will be 100%
CP will be 100%
CP = 30000
CP = 44000
QUESTION
5. When a bike is sold for Rs.126000 John loss 37%.
At what price john must sold in order to gain 14%?
SOLUTION
S.p = 126000
L = 37%, so sp = 63% of cp, cp = 100%
To gain 14%, should sell for 114%.
63% 126000
114% ?
For 14% gain, should sell for 2,28,000.
QUESTION
6. If the Cost price of 30 article is equal to Selling
price of 20 articles, then find the ( loss or gain) %
SOLUTION
30 CP = 20 SP
1 CP = (20/30)SP
(CP/SP) = (2/3)
CP = 2, SP = 3 (Take 2:3)
So 30CP = 30(2) = 60
30SP = 30(3) = 90
Profit = 90-60 = 30
P = 30
Profit % = 50%
QUESTION
7. A shopkeeper sold a power bank for Rs.840 and
bought it for thrice the 25% of its selling price. What is
the profit%?
SOLUTION
SP = 840
25% of s.p = 210
(Thrice the 25%) = 75% = 630 = C.P
Profit = S.P – C.P
= 810 – 630 = 210
Profit % = (210 / 630) x 100 = 33.33%
The profit is 33.33%.
INTEREST
• Principal Amount – The money (P) borrowed for a
certain period of Years (N).

• Interest – For this principal, we need to pay an

amount as Interest as per the rate of interest per
annum (R).

• Simple Interest(S.I) – It is the interest amount only

for Principal Amount.
SIMPLE INTEREST
S.I =
P =
N =
R =
Total Amount, A = P + S.I = P(1+)
1) P=5000, N=10 Years,R=4% pa (or) 4%pcpa

2) P=1000, N=5 Years, R=4% per quarter

3) P=2000, N=6 Years, R=1% per two months

4) P=7200, N=7 Months, R=3% pa

1) P=5000, N=10 Years, R=4% pa (or) 4%pcpa S.I
= = = Rs. 2000
2) P=1000, N=5 Years, R=4% pq=16%pa S.I
= = = Rs. 800
3) P=2000, N=6 Years, R=1% p 2m=6%pa S.I
= = = Rs. 720
4) P=7200, N=7 Months=7/12 Years, R=3% pa S.I
= = = Rs. 126
• Principal Amount is always 100%

• Simple Intrest is always NR%

• Final or Total Amount is always (100+NR)%

• Divide by Row or Column & Multiply by Cross Directon.

1) Ajay borrows Rs. 40000 for 3 Years at 8% pa. Find
the S.I.

2) Ram pays Rs. 800 as S.I for 4 Years & rate of intrest
is 5%. What is the Principal Amount?

3) Guna settles a loan by giving Rs. 32700 to the bank.

Find the S.I, if N=3 Years & R=3%pa.
1) 100% =Rs.40000
Then , NR = 24% = S.I
S.I=400×24 = Rs. 9600
or
100% = Rs. 40000
25% = Rs. 10000
1% = Rs. 04000 (-)
24% = Rs. 09600
2) NR = 20% = Rs. 800
Then , 100% =Rs.800×4 = Rs.32000
P = Rs. 32000

3) NR = 9%
Final Amount = (100+NR)%
109% = Rs. 32700
9% = S.I
1% = Rs. 300. So, S.I = 9% = Rs.2700
COMPOUND INTEREST
Compound Intrest(C.I) – It is the intrest amount for
Principal Amount & previous amount.

C.I = P(1+)N– P

Total Amount, A = P + C.I = P(1+)N

1. Find the compound intrest for the sum of Rs.1000
after 3 years at the rate of 10%.
BY FORMULA
P = Rs. 1000, N = 3, R = 10%

C.I = P(1+)N– P = 1000(1+)3– 1000

C.I = 1000(1331/1000) – 1000

C.I = 1331 – 1000

C.I = Rs. 331

BY SIMPLE INTEREST METHOD
P = Rs. 1000, N = 3, R = 10%

S.I1 = P1R/100 = 1000×10/100 = Rs. 100 (1st Year)

S.I2 = P2R/100 = 1100×10/100 = Rs. 110 (2nd Year)
S.I3 = P3R/100 = 1210×10/100 = Rs. 121 (3rd Year)

C.I = S.I1 + S.I2 + S.I3 (Upto 3 Times because N=3)

C.I = Rs.331
1) Gopi gets Rs. 618 as Compound intrest for Rs.5000
at 6% p.a. Find the number of years.

2) At what percentage, Abdhul gets a amount of Rs

3375 for a sum of Rs. 1000 in 3 Years?
1) P = Rs. 5000, C.I = Rs. 618, R = 6%

C.I+P = P(1+)N = 5000(1+)N

5618 = 5000(106/100)N

(2809/2500) = (53/50)N

N = 2 Years
2. C.I + P = Rs. 3375, C.I = Rs. 1000, N = 3

C.I+P = P(1+)N = 1000(1+)3

3375 = 1000(1+)3
(3.375) = (1+)3
(1+) = 1.5
R = 50%
C.I = P(1+)NF– P
Total Amount, A = P + C.I = P(1+)NF
1) P = Rs. 2000, N = 18 Months, R = 20%. Find the
Compound Intrest per half yerly.

2) P = Rs. 2000, N = 6 Months, R = 20%. Find the

Compound Intrest per quarterly.
P = Rs. 2000

C.I = P(1+)NF– P =2000(11/10)3 – 2000 = Rs. 662

(Half Yearly)
C.I = P(1+)NF– P =2000(21/20)2 – 2000 = Rs. 205
(Quarterly)
BASIC ALGEBRA
Basic Algebra Operations
The general arithmetic operations performed in the case of
algebra are:
Addition: x + y
Subtraction: x – y
Multiplication: xy
Division: x/y or x ÷ y
where x and y are the variables.
Basic Algebra Formula
The general formulas used in algebra to solve algebraic equations
and find the values of unknown variables are given here:
a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
a2 + b2 = (a – b)2 + 2ab
(a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc
(a – b – c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab – 2ac + 2bc
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
(a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3
MENSURATION
Area (A) - It is the measurement of a 2D space.
Perimeter (P) - The length of the boundary of a 2D shape.
Volume (V) - Measure of the amount of space occupied by
a 3D object.
Circumference - The length of a circle's boundary.
Radius (R) - A line segment from the center of a circle to
its boundary.
Diameter (D) - Length of a straight line passing through
the center of a circle and connecting two points on the
circumference.
Pi (π) - Mathematical constant that represents the ratio of a
circle's circumference to its diameter.
Surface area - The sum of the areas of all the faces or
surfaces of a 3D object.
Height - The perpendicular distance from the base of a
3D object to its top.
Length - Measurement of the longest side of an object or
the distance between two points.
Breadth - The measurement of the shortest side of an
object.
2D SHAPES
2D SHAPES
3D SHAPES
3D SHAPES
1. A circle has a radius of 21 cm. Find its circumference
and area. (Use π = 22/7)
Solution:
We know,
Circumference of circle = 2πr = 2 x (22/7) x 21 = 2 x 22 x 3 =
132 cm
Area of circle = πr2 = (22/7) x 212 = 22/7 x 21 x 21 = 22 x 3 x
21
Area of circle with radius, 21cm = 1386 cm2
2. If one side of a square is 4 cm, then what will be its area
and perimeter?
Solution: Given,
Length of side of square = 4 cm
Area = side2 = 42 = 4 x 4 = 16 cm2
Perimeter of square = sum of all its sides
Since, all the sides of the square are equal, therefore;
Perimeter = 4+4+4+4 = 16 cm
3. Suppose a quadrilateral having a diagonal of length 10
cm, which divides the quadrilateral into two triangles and
the heights of triangles with diagonals as the base, are 4
cm and 6 cm. Find the area of the quadrilateral.
Solution: Given,
Diagonal, d = 10 cm
Height of one triangle, h1 = 4cm
Height of another triangle, h2 = 6cm
Area of quadrilateral = ½ d(h1+h2) = ½ x 10 x (4+6) = 5 x 10
= 50 sq.cm.
4. A rhombus having diagonals of length 10 cm and 16
cm, respectively. Find its area.
Solution: d1 = 10 cm
d2 = 16 cm
Area of rhombus = ½ d1 d2
A = ½ x 10 x 16
A= 80 cm2
5. The area of a trapezium shaped field is 480 m2, the distance
between two parallel sides is 15 m and one of the parallel sides
is 20 m. Find the other parallel side.
Solution: One of the parallel sides of the trapezium is a = 20 m, let
another parallel side be b, height h = 15 m.
The given area of trapezium = 480 m2
We know, by formula;
Area of a trapezium = ½ h (a+b)
480 = ½ (15) (20+b)
20 + b = (480×2)/15
b = 64 – 20 = 44 m
6. The height, length and width of a cuboidal box are
20 cm, 15 cm and 10 cm, respectively. Find its area.
Solution:
Total surface area = 2 (20 × 15 + 20 × 10 + 10 × 15)
TSA = 2 ( 300 + 200 + 150) = 1300 cm2
7. If a cube has its side-length equal to 5cm, then its
area is?
Solution:
Given,
l = 5 cm
Area = 6l2 = 6 x 5 x5 = 150 sq.cm
8. Find the height of a cylinder whose radius is 7 cm
and the total surface area is 968 cm2.
Solution:
Let height of the cylinder = h, radius = r = 7cm
Total surface area = 2πr (h + r)
TSA = 2 x (22/7) x 7 x (7+h) = 968
h = 15 cm
9. Find the height of a cuboid whose volume is 275
cm3 and base area is 25 cm2.
Solution: Volume of cuboid = l × b × h
Base area = l × b = 25 cm2
Hence,
275 = 25 × h
h = 275/25 = 11 cm
10. A rectangular piece of paper 11 cm × 4 cm is folded
without overlapping to make a cylinder of height 4 cm. Find
the volume of the cylinder.
Solution:
Length of the paper will be the perimeter of the base of the
cylinder and width will be its height.
Circumference of base of cylinder = 2πr = 11 cm
2 x 22/7 x r = 11 cm
r = 7/4 cm
Volume of cylinder = πr2h = (22/7) x (7/4)2 x 4
= 38.5 cm3
PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
Pythagoras theorem states that “In a right-angled triangle, the
square of the hypotenuse side is equal to the sum of squares of
the other two sides“.
Consider the triangle given above:
Where “a” is the perpendicular,
“b” is the base,
“c” is the hypotenuse.
According to the definition, the Pythagoras Theorem formula is
given as:
Hypotenuse2 = Perpendicular2 + Base2
c2 = a2 + b2
1. The sides of a triangle are 5, 12 & 13 units. Check if it has a right
angle or not.
Solution: From Pythagoras Theorem, we have;
Perpendicular2 + Base2 = Hypotenuse2
P2 + B2 = H2
Let,
Perpendicular (P) = 12 units
Base (B)= 5 units
Hypotenuse (H) = 13 units {since it is the longest side measure}
LHS = P2 + B2
⇒ 122 + 52
⇒ 144 + 25 ⇒ 169

RHS = H2
⇒ 132
⇒ 169
⇒ 169 = 169
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Therefore, the angle opposite to the 13 units side will be a
right angle.
2. The two sides of a right-angled triangle are given as
shown in the figure. Find the third side
Solution:
Given;
Perpendicular = 15 cm
Base = b cm
Hypotenuse = 17 cm
As per the Pythagorean Theorem, we have;
Perpendicular2 + Base2 = Hypotenuse2
⇒152 + b2 = 172
⇒225 + b2 = 289
⇒b2 = 289 – 225
⇒b2 = 64
⇒b = √64
Therefore, b = 8 cm
3. Given the side of a square to be 4 cm. Find the length
of the diagonal.
Solution:
Given;
Sides of a square = 4 cm
To Find- The length of diagonal ac.
Consider triangle abc (or can also be acd)
(ab)2 +(bc)2 = (ac)2
(4)2 +(4)2= (ac)2
16 + 16 = (ac)2
32 = (ac)2
(ac)2 = 32
ac = 4√2.
Thus, the length of the diagonal is 4√2 cm.
1. In a right-angled triangle, the measures of the
perpendicular sides are 6 cm and 11 cm. Find the
length of the third side.
2. A triangle is given whose sides are of length 21 cm, 20
cm and 29 cm. Check whether these are the sides of a
right-angled triangle.
3. The length of the diagonal of a square is 6 cm. Find the
sides of the square
4. A ladder is kept at a distance of 15 cm from the wall
such that the top of the ladder is at the height of 8 cm
from the bottom of the wall. Find the length of
the ladder