CEMENT AND CEMENT CONCRETE

PORTLAND CEMENT
Definition :
 Cement, can be described as a materials
with an adhesive and cohesive properties
which make a capable of bounding
materials fragment in to a compact whole.
 It can be seen that it is made primary from
a combination of calcareous materials such
as limestone or chalk, silica and alumina
found as clay or shale.
Row Materials :
The raw materials required for the manufactured of
cement are :

1. Limestone : CaCO3 ---- CaO + O2 (lime oxide)

2. Clay containing : Silica ---- SiO2 (Silica Oxide)
Alumina ---- Al2O3 (Alumina oxide)
Ferro/iron ---- Fe2O3 (Ferro oxide)
3. Gypsum : is added during the manufacturing
of cement to reduce its setting time.
CaO, SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 are called main oxide of
cement or cement oxide
Manufactured :

The process of manufacture consists

essentially of grinding the raw materials in to
a very fine powder, mixing them intimately in
predetermined proportion and burning in a
large rotary kiln at a temperature of about
1400 ºC or 2550 ºF when the material sinters
and partially fuses in to clinker.
The clinker is cooled and ground to a fine
powder with some gypsum added, and the
resulting product is a commercial product
Portland Cement used throughout the world.
Basic Chemistry of Cement :

The raw materials use in the manufactured of

Portland Cement consist mainly of :
- lime oxide (CaO),
- silica oxide (SiO2),
- alumina oxide (Al2O3) and
- iron oxide (Fe2O3).
These cement oxide after burned at about 1400 ºC
interacted whit one another in the kiln to form a
series of more complex product.
These four compounds are regarded as the major
constituents of cement, they are listed bellow together
whit their abbreviated symbols :

No. Name of Oxide Composition Abbre-

7 Compound viation
1 Tricalcium Silicate 3CaO.SiO2 C3S

2 Dicalcium Silicate 2CaO.SiO2 C2S

3 Tricalcium 3CaO.Al2O3 C3A

Alumanate
4 Tetracalcium 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 C4AF
Aluminoferrite
1. The silicates, C3S and C2S are the most important
compounds, which are responsible for the
strength.

2. The presence of C3A in cement is undesirable, it

contributes little or nothing to the strength of
cement except at early ages.

3. C4AF is also present in cement in small quantities,

and, if compared with the other three compound, it
does not effect the behavior significantly.

4. In addition to the four main compounds listed

above, there exist minor compounds, such as
MgO, Mn2O3, K2O and Na2O, they usually amount
to not more then a few per cent of the mass of
cement.
 Grafik hubungan antara kekuatan dengan umur setelah
proses pengikatan dari dari Cement compounds:
Kuat tekan [N/mm2]

Waktu/umur [Hari]
The general idea of the composition of cement can be
as follow, which gave the oxide composition limit of
Portland cements.

Oxide Content ( % )
CaO 60 – 70
SiO2 17 – 25
Al2O3 3 – 8
Fe2O3 0.5 – 6.0
MgO 0.1 – 4.0
Alkalis 0.2 – 1.3
SO3 1 – 3
Type of Portland Cement :

So far, we have considered Portland cement as a

generic materials. However, when hydrated, cement
differing in chemical composition my exhibit different
properties. It should thus be possible to select
mixtures of raw materials for production of cement
with various desired properties. In fact, several type
of Portland cement are available commercially, and
additional specials cement can be produced for
special uses.
The following table lists the main type of Portland cement together with
the appropriate BS (British Standard) and ASTM (American Society for
Testing and Materials) Standard, and the next table gave the average
values of compound composition.
BRIITSH CLASIFICATION AMERICAN CLASIFICATION
Discription BS Discription ASTM
Ordinary PC (OPC) 12 : 1991 Type – I C 150 – 92
Rapid-hardening PC. 12 : 1991 Type – III C 150 – 92
Low-heat PC. 1370 : 1979 Type – IV C 150 – 92
Modified PC. - Type – II C 150 – 92
Sulphate-resisting PC. 4027 : 1991 Type – V C 150 – 92
Portland blast furnace (slug 146 : 1991 Type IS C 595 – 93
cement) Type IS (MS)
Low-heat PC.blastfurnace 4246 : 1991 - -

White Portland Cement 12 : 1989 - -

Type IP C 150 – 92
Portland Pozzolan 6588 : 1985 Type P C 595 – 93
3892 : 1993 Type I (PM)
1. Ordinary Portland cement (Type I cement) :
This is by far the most common cement used in general
concrete construction, when there is no exposure to sulphates
the soil or in the groundwater.
Ordinary Portland cement or Type I cement is an excellent
general cement and is the cement most widely used.

2. Rapid-hardening Portland cement (Type III cement) :

This cement is similar to Type I cement, and is covered by the
same standard. As the name implies, the strength of this
cement develops rapidly, because this cement have a higher
C3S content and higher fineness.
The principal reason for the use of Type III cement is when
formwork is to be remove early for re-use, or where sufficient
strength for further construction is required quickly. Rapid-
hardening Portland cement should not be use in mass concrete
construction or in large structural section, because of its higher
rate of heat development
3. Low-heat Portland cement (Type IV cement) :
This cement has a low heat of hydration, so it’s a very low early
strength. It because this cement developed in the US for use in

large gravity dams construction.

4. Modified Portland cement (Type II cement) :

In some application a very low early strength may be a
disadvantage, and for this reason a modified cement was
developed in the US. This cement has a higher rate of heat
development than that of Type IV cement, and a rate of gain of
strength similar to that of Type I cement.
Type II cement is recommended for structures where a
moderately low heat generation is desirable or where moderate
sulphate attack may occur. This cement is not available in the
United Kingdom.
5. Sulphate-resisting Portland cement (Type V cement) :
This cement has a low C3A content, so as to avoid sulphate
attack from out side the concrete, otherwise the formation of
calcium sulphoaluminate and gypsum would cause disruption of
the concrete due to an increased volume of the resultant
compound.

6. Portland Pozzolan Cement

This type of cement is produced by grinding together portland
cement clinker with pozzolan.
Portland-pozzolans have lower heat hidration than type-I
portlands. Although initial strength is lower, but with proper curing
they may develop a comparable final strength if good pozzolan is
used. However, resistance against sulphate bearing water is
higher.
Portland pozzolan cement can be used for corrossive works (as it
has advantage of resisting the corrossive action of saline
solutions and sea water much better than portland cement), also in
mass concrete dams, and for protection against alkali- aggregate
reaction.
7. Portland Composite Cement

This type of cement is produced by grinding together portland

cement clinker with pozzolan and mixing high fineness hydrate
lime.
Similar as PPC, PCC has generally lower heat liberation than
type-I portlands. Although initial strength is lower, but with proper
curing they usually may develop a comparable final strength.
Besides, resistance against sulphate bearing water is higher.
8. Blast Furnace Slag Cement

It is made by intergrinding ordinary portland cement clinker with

selected blast furnace slag.
Blast furnace slag is a biproduct of pig iron manufacture in the
blast furnace, and is formed by the combination of the earthy
constituents of the iron ore with the limestone flux. It contains
normally the same oxides as are present in portland cement.
The physical properties of blast furnace cement are similar to
ordinary portland cement, usually with greater fineness, slower
rate of hardening, lower heat of hydration, lower initial
compressive strength, and better resistance against sulphate
attack.
This type of cement can be used for general building work,
including water retaining structures, and precast concrete.
9. White Portland Cement

This type of cement is extensively used for visual effect in white

or colored concretes which are to be left exposed and also in
white or colored mortars for masonry and rendering.
It has the same properties as ordinary portland cement, but is
manufactured from special raw materials being substantially
free from colour forming compounds such as the iron oxides
which give other cements a characteristically grey or grey
brown colour. In general, the materials used in Indonesia are
pure chalk and white china clay.
For this type of cement, manufacturing methods are also
modified so that discoloring materials are not included during
firing and grinding.
II. AGGREGATE

 Aggregate was originally viewed as an inert,

inexpensive material dispersed throughout the
cement paste so as to produced a large volume of
the concrete.
 Natural aggregates are formed by the process of
weathering and abrasion (gravel or stone takes from
river) , or by artificially crushing a large parent mass
(mountain rock).
2.1 Classification of Aggregate :
Aggregate can be classified according to :
1. Geological Origin
2. Particle Shape and Texture
3. Size
4. Unit weight
1. Aggregates Classification According to
Geological Origin :

1. Natural Aggregates :
Natural aggregates are form by the process of
weathering and abrasion, such as sand, gravel
or stone takes from river, or by artificial crushing
a large parent mass of rock.
2. Artificial Aggregates :
The artificial aggregates usually used for
specials concrete, such as Light-weight
concrete, Heavy-weight concrete or High-
density concrete and Ultra-high Strength
concrete.
2. Aggregates Classification According to Particle
Shape :

 The external characteristic of aggregate, in particular

the particle shape and surface texture are of
importance with regard to the properties fresh and
hardened concrete.
 Particle shape classification of aggregates according
to BS 812 : part 1: 1975 are as follow :
- Rounded
- Irregular
- Flaky
- Angular
- Allongated
- Flaky and Alongated
3. Aggregates Classification According to Size :

Concrete is made with aggregate particle covering a

range of size up to a maximum size which usually lies
between 10 mm and 20 mm and 50 mm is typical.
The typical size distribution is called grading.
The alternative, very much more common, and
always used in the manufacture of good quality
concrete, is to obtain the aggregate in at least two
separate lots :
1. Fine aggregate (sand) : have a lower size limit
of about 0.075 mm and maximum size limit 5 mm
2. Coarse aggregate : have a lower size limit of
about 5 mm
4. Aggregates Classification According to Unit
Weight :

1. Normal weight aggregate :

Specificgravity = 2.3 – 2.6 ton/m³
2. Heavy weight aggregate :
Specificgravity = 2.8 – 2.9 ton/m³
3. Light weight aggregate :
Specificgravity = 1.0 – 1.2 ton/m³
2.2 Properties of Aggregate :

 Mechanical Properties :
- Bond
- Strength
- Toughness, resistance of aggregate to failure by the
impact
- Hardness, resistance of aggregate to failure by the wear
- Modulus of Elastisity

 Physical Properties :
- Specific gravity and absorption
- Density
- Moisture content
- Porosity
- Voids
- Shrinkage
- Gradation and Fineness Modulus
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

I. FRESH CONCRETE :

The properties of the fresh (or plastic) concrete

should be adjusted production equipment, process
and transportation. And the importance properties
of fresh concrete that have a influences to the
construction is workability.
The strict definition of workability is the amount of
useful internal work necessary to produced full
compaction.
Workability is generally measured with a slump test.
The result from this test called slump, is also used as
an indirect measure of the characteristics of
workability.
The slump test is made immediately after the
concrete has been discharged from the mixer or
transit truck, and the slump is read promptly after the
metal cone is lifted.
II. BEHAVIOR DURING SETTING :

Evaporation of the free water from the concrete

will continue after the concrete has been placed
and compacted and is accompanied by
shrinkage.
As a long as the concrete is sufficient fluid, it will
be free to shrink.
III. CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES :

 Materials that are added in small amounts

to the concrete (usually less than 1 % by
weight of the cement) and dissolved in the
mixing water are known generically as
chemical admixtures.
 The main influence of chemical admixtures
is on the properties of the fresh concrete.
1. Water-reducing Admixtures (WRA) :

 An alternative use of the WRA is to reduce the

water content of the mix while keeping the flow
properties (slump) constant.
 These Admixtures are used for three purposes :
1. To achieve the higher strength by decreasing the
w/c ratio at the same workability as an admixture-
free mix.
2. To achieve the same workability by decreasing the
cement content so as to reduce the heat of
hydration in mass concrete.
3. To increase the workability so as to ease placing in
an accessible locations.
The use of WRA increase the slump of the
concrete, but does not necessarily reduce the rate
of slump loss.
2. Set- retarding Admixtures :
These Admixtures delay the setting of the concrete
by slowing down the early hydration reaction and the
rate of early strength development.
The Admixture are use in hot weather condition to
offset the acceleration of setting cause by the higher
temperature.

3. Set- accelerating Admixtures :

These Admixtures accelerate the rate of setting of the
concrete by accelerating the rates of early hydration
reaction. This effect influences not only the hydration
reaction during the setting period, but it lasts also into
the hardening stage, thus leading to higher early
strength gain.
4. Air- entraining Admixtures :

 These Admixtures as their name implies, are also

surfactant which act at the air-water interface. Air-
entraining Admixtures also improves the workability
of the concrete by the generating a mix with
improve flow properties (higher slump) and reduced
segregation.
 The presence of the air, however, leads to some
reduction in strength which my be in range of 10 %
to 20 %, depending on the content and dispersion of
the air bubbles.
IV. HARDENED CONCRETE :

The strength of the concrete is its most important

engineering property because it not only reflect its
mechanical quality, but also provides an indication of
long-term performance. Stronger concrete is usually
denser, less permeable and thus better resistant to
deleterious environmental influences. There are four
kind of strength :
- Compressive strength
- Flexural strength
- Tensile strength
- Shear strength
Concrete is a brittle materials, like most
ceramic, and is much stronger in
compression than in tension or flexural. The
strength of the concrete would depend on the
w/c ratio, as well as on the period of the moist
curing in water and also depend on the
temperature of curing.
 Stress-Strain Curve :
The aggregates in normal strength concrete have
only a small influence on strength, yet their
presence substantially affects the stress-strain
curve of the concrete. The curve is curvilinear over
the whole range of applied stress, although at low
stress level the it is very nearly linear.
Modulus of Elasticity
References :

1. J. Francis Young, Sidney Mindess, Robert J. Gray,

Arnon Bentur
“The Science and Technology of Cicil
Engineering Materials”

2. Shan Somayaji
“Civil Engineering Materials”

3. AM Neville
“Concrete Technology”