GUIDE FOR DRUG

EDUCATION AND VICE

CONTROL
 A drug is a chemical substance that
brings about physical, emotional or
behavioral change in a person taking it.

 Is any substance other than food

or water that is intended to be
taken or administered for the
purpose of altering, sustaining or
controlling the recipients physical,
mental or emotional state.

2
A drug is any substance (with the
exception of food and water) which, when
taken into the body, alters the body's
function either physically and/or
psychologically.
Drugs may be legal (e.g. alcohol, caffeine
and tobacco) or illegal (e.g. cannabis,
ecstasy, cocaine and heroin).
 Substances used as a medicine or in making
medicines, which affects the body and mind
and have potential for abuse.
 It can be harmful.
 It can be either NATURAL and
SYTHETIC/ARTIFICIAL.
 Natural Drugs
- include natural plant leaves, flowering
tops, resin, hashish, opium and
marijuana.
Synthetic/Artificial Drugs
- are drugs produced by clandestine
laboratories that are controlled by law
because they are used in medical practice.
 World Health Organization

also defines drug as any substance or product that is

used or intended to be used to modify or explore
physiological system or pathological states for the
benefits of the patient
 Etymology of the word Drug

The word "drug" is believe to had originated from

Old French word "drogue", then later changed into
the term "droge-vate" from Middle Dutch meaning
"dry barrels" that refers to medicinal plants
preserved in them. (Douglas Harper, Online
Etymology Dictionary, 2000)
 MEDICINES

is any substance that is designed to prevent

or treat diseases.
Medicine does not contribute to the factor of
addiction, unlike a drug. In other words, it
can be said that a medicine does not cause
the stupefaction of the mind like a drug.
The word ‘medicine’ is derived from the Latin word
‘medicina’. The two words ‘drug’ and ‘medicine’
should be used differently.
Medicine is any substance that is designed to prevent or
treat diseases while drug is designed to produce a
specific reaction inside the body. Cocaine for example is
a drug designed to create a specific mental reaction that
leads to a "high" for the user. However, medical
establishment does not recognize any medical benefits
for cocaine, which means that cocaine is categorized as
drug but not medicine. Over-the-counter anti-
inflammatory medicines such as Advil are designed to
treat pain, but they do not have a strong enough effect to
fit into a controlled substance classification, unlike
stronger pain relievers, this means that these are
medicines and not drugs. Most of the medicines that
are also drugs are considered "controlled
substances." This means that there are laws governing
their use and that using them in ways contrary to those
laws can lead to criminal charges.
 MEDICINES VS. DRUGS

- medicines are drugs but not all drugs are

medicine .
 Distinctive characteristics of drug and medicine

Drugs have general effect of confusing the mind unlike

medicines.
 Drugs have a potential of addiction while medicines
(in the general sense) don’t lead to such.
Drugs are substances that can still cure diseases to
some extent but can have severe adverse effects if used
more than what’s necessary.
The term “drugs” (either for therapeutic or non-
therapeutic purposes) is nowadays thought to have a
more negative connotation.
 GENERAL HISTORY OF DRUGS

Drug use and abuse is as old as mankind itself.

Human beings have always had a desire to eat
or drink substances that make them feel
relaxed, stimulated, or euphoric. Humans have
used drugs of one sort or another for
thousands of years. Wine was used at least
from the time of early Egyptians, narcotics
from 4000 B.C. and medicinal use of
marijuana has been dated to 2737 B.C in china.
One of the oldest records of such medicinal
recommendations is found in the writing of the
Chinese scholar-emperor Shen Nung who lived
in 2735 BC. He compiled a book about herbs, a
forerunner of the medieval pharmacopoeias that
listed all the then-known medications. He was able
to judge the value of some Chinese herbs. For
example, he found that Ch’ang Shan was helpful in
treating fevers; Ch’ang Shan is antimalarial in
Chinese medicine and It has emetic effects.
Pre-Columbian Mexicans used
many substances varying from
tobacco and other mind-
expanding plants in their
medicinal collections. The most
fascinating among these
substances is the Psilocybin
mushroom.
 History of Drug Abuse

1. Book of Judges

 -The mighty Samson was put to sleep by Delilah by means

of drug-laced wine before cutting his hair, the source of his
strength.

 -There were also allusions of drug abuse in the old cities of

Sodom and Gomorrah, which might have led to widespread
adultery, bestiality and incest.
Ancient Roman Literature

-Because of her desperation over her despised love,

Cleopatra drunk a narcotic-laden wine before
allowing herself to be bitten by a poisonous asp
from the Nile River.
 Marijuana as a sacred tree – the world’s
oldest cultivated plant as source of dangerous
drugs. It was cultivated by the INCAS of PERU. It
was use by the ASSYRIANS in 9000BC in their
religious rituals and was called SACRED TREE.

Hashis – derived from the name

Hasan/Hashasin, a Muslim cult leader who fed
his disciples a preparation from the resin of MJ
as a reward for their successful activities in
assassinations.
 HISTORY…..

Opium poppy plant – Prepared and

cultivated by by the Sumerians way back in
7000 BC The Greek physician
HIPPOCRATES prescribed the juice of the
white poppy plant as early as 5000 BC as
medicine in the belief that it can cure many
illnesses.
The plant was first harvested in
Mesopotamia and its use spread through
the Mediterranean areas, then to Asia.
. Emperor Yung Chen – Due to extreme high rate
of opium addiction in China, He prohibited the
smoking of opium and attempted to close Chinese
ports for its importation. This eventually triggered the
“opium war” of 1840.
Friedrich W. Serturner – a German pharmacist
who discovered morphine, the first derivative of
opium in 1806. Was first called Morphium and
later called Morphine from the Greek God of dream
Morpheus. Morphine addiction became later known
as the “soldiers disease”.
Alder Wright – a British Chemist who discovered
Heroin (Diacetylmorphine) in 1896 with the end
view to cure morphine addiction. Heroin is called
“miracle drug” because it is believed that it can
cure both opium & morphine addiction.

8. Codeine – the third derivative of opium was

discovered in France while finding out other drugs
that could cure opium, morphine & heroin
addiction. It is used today as an ingredient in most
cough syrup.
 History of drug abuse in the Philippines

1. Pre-Spanish Era – Intoxicants and stimulants

used by early Filipinos were fermented alcoholic
beverages & masticatory preparation like “nga-
nga”. Opium poppy & the coca bush plants were
absent in Phil. Vegetation prior to 1521.

2. Spanish Era – Only Chinese are allowed by laws to

use opium from 1780. In 1844, Spanish
government laid down opium monopoly – they
alone can import and sell opium to the Chinese
until in 1896.
. American Era – In 1906, partial legislation allowed
Chinese addicts to obtain license to use opium in
their homes for a fee of 5 pesos. Opium sale during
this period is under government control. In 1908, the
total ban of opium was effected, which continued
until the end of Japanese occupation in 1946.
4. Japanese Era – Total ban of opium was continued
at which point all supplies of opium were cut off
from the country and during which, the number of
opium addicts was probably the lowest in Asia.
RA No. 953 (1953)– It provides for the registration
of collection, and the imposition of fixed and
special taxes upon all persons who produce,
import, manufacture, compound, deal-in,
dispense, sell, distribute or give away opium
poppy, opium, MJ, coca leaves and any synthetic
drugs which may be declared as habit forming.
The law also declared as a matter of National
policy, the prohibition of cultivation of marijuana
and opium poppy.
RA No. 6425 – “Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972” was signed
into law on March 30, 1972. It prohibits all related acts
dealing with Dangerous Drugs.
November 14, 1972 – DDB was organized to provide
leadership, direction and coordination in the effective
implementation of RA 6425.

7. RA No. 9165 – “Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs of

2002”. It widens the coverage of Dangerous Drugs and it
created the DDB & PDEA.
 GENERAL DRUG CATEGORY

Analgesics
 are drugs that relieve pain.
There are two main types:
non-narcotic analgesics for mild pain, and
Narcotic analgesics for severe pain.
Antacids
 Drugs that relieve indigestion and
heartburn by neutralizing stomach acid.
Antihistamines – those that
control or combat allergic reactions.
Contraceptives – drugs that
prevent the meeting of the egg cell
and sperm cell or prevent the ovary
from releasing egg cells.
Decongestants –those that relieve
congestion of the nasal passages.
Expectorants – those that can ease
the expulsion of mucus and phlegm
from the lungs and the throat.
Laxatives – those that stimulate
defecation and encourage bowel
movement.
Sedatives and Tranquilizer – are those that can
calm and quiet the nerves and relieve anxiety
without causing depression and clouding of the
mind.

Vitamins – those substances necessary for normal

growth and development and proper functioning
of the body.
Antibiotics - are drugs that combat
or control infectious organism.
Antipyretics – those that can lower
body temperature or fever due to
infection.
 CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS

1. PRESCRIPTIVE DRUGS

These are drugs requiring written authorization from a
doctor to allow its purchase. They are prescribed
according to the individual’s age, weight and height
and should not be taken by anyone else.

2. OVER – THE – COUNTER DRUGS
 These are non – prescriptive drugs, which may
be purchased from any pharmacy or drugstore without
written authorization from a doctor. They are used to
treat minor and short term illnesses.
 CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS

3. UNRECOGNIZED DRUGS

 These are commercial products that have a
psychoactive drug effects but are not usually
considered as drugs. These substances are not
generally regulated by the law except insofar as
standards of sanitation and purity is required.
 4. ILLICIT DRUGS
 These are drugs whose sale, purchase, use or
manufacture is generally prohibited by law. Criminal
penalties usually apply to violators of these laws.

 How Drugs Works In our Body?

Drugs work in our body in a varied ways. They

interfere with microorganisms (germs) that invade our
body, destroy abnormal cells that cause illness, replace
deficient substances (such as hormones or vitamins),
or change the way that cells work in our body. Most
drugs act within our cell. Similar to common body
chemicals, drugs enters on cell and participates in the
normal sequence of a cellular process. Thus, drug may
later, interfere on the established cellular life cycle,
hopefully for the betterment of the person.
When two drugs are taken together or
taken within a few hours of each other,
they have the tendency to interact
with each other a d may yield an
un-expected result. This is one of the
reasons why a physician always asked
the names of drugs the patient is using.
 How Drugs Works In our Body?

DOSE
A dose of drug refers to the amount taken by the
patient at one time. The dose taken becomes
extremely important part of developing drug abuse.
There are many factors taken into consideration
when deciding a dose of drug - including age of the
patient, weight, sex, ethnicity, liver and kidney
function and whether the patient smokes or drinks
alcohol. Other medicines may also affect the drug
dose.
 Classification of Drug Dosage

1. Minimal dose
The amount needed to treat or heal that is, the
smallest amount of a drug that will produce a
therapeutic effect.

Maximal dose – largest amount of a drug that

will produce a desired therapeutic effect without
any accompanying symptoms of toxicity.
 Classification of Drug Dosage

3. Toxic dose – amount of drug that

produces untoward effects or
symptoms of poisoning
4. Abusive dose – amount needed to
produce the side effects and action
desired by the individual who
improperly uses it.
5. Lethal dose – the amount of drug
that will cause death.
HOW DRUGS ARE ADMINISTERED?

ORAL
 Thisis the safest and most convenient and
economical route whenever possible. There
are however, drugs which cannot be
administered this way because the
digestive juices readily destroy them or
because they irritate the mucous lining of
the gastro –intestinal tract and induce
vomiting.
PARENTAL
parenteral medications are introduced by
injection. All drugs used by this route must
be pure, sterile, pyrogen-free, and in a liquid
state. There are several methods of
parenteral administration, including
subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular,
intravenous, and intra thecal or intra spinal.
SUBCUTANEOUS— the drug is
injected just below the skin’s
cutaneous layers. Example: Insulin.

INTRADERMAL— the drug is

injected within the dermis layer of
the skin. Example: Purified protein
derivative (PPD).

INTRAMUSCULAR— The drug is

injected into the
muscle. Example: Procaine
penicillin G.

INTRAVENOUS— The drug is

introduced directly into the
vein. Example: Intravenous fluids.

INTRATHECAL OR
INTRASPINAL— The drug is
introduced into the subarachnoid
space of the spinal
column. Example: Procaine
hydrochloride.
INHALATION—Inhalation is a
means of introducing medications
through the respiratory system in the
form of a gas, vapor, or powder.
Inhalation is divided into three major
types: vaporization, gas inhalation, and
nebulization
TOPICAL—Topical drugs are applied to a surface area
of the body. Topically applied drugs serve two
purposes: Local effect: The drug is intended to
relieve itching, burning, or other skin conditions
without being absorbed into the bloodstream.
Systemic effect: The drug is absorbed through the
skin into the bloodstream. Examples of topical
preparations are ointments, creams, lotions, and
shampoos.

RECTAL—Drugs are administered rectally by

inserting them into the rectum. The rectal method is
preferred to the oral route when there is danger of
vomiting or when the patient is unconscious,
uncooperative, or mentally incapable. Examples of
VAGINAL—Drugs are inserted into the vagina to produce a
local effect. Examples of vaginal preparations are
suppositories, creams, and douches.
Iontophoresis – the introduction of drugs into the deeper
layers of the skin by the use of special type of electric current
for local effect.
Snorting
Inhalation through the nose of drugs not in gaseous
from. It is perform by inhaling a powder of liquid drug into
the nose coats of the mucous membrane.
Buccal
The drug is administered by placing them into the
buccal cavity just under the lips and the active ingredients of
the drug will be absorbed into the bloodstream through the
soft tissues lining the mouth.
TRANSDERMAL ROUTE
Some drugs are delivered body wide through a patch on the
skin. These drugs are sometimes mixed with a chemical (such as
alcohol) that enhances penetration through the skin into the
bloodstream without any injection.
 Some dangerous effect of drugs:
 Overdose – when too much of a drug is taken into the physiological
system of the human body, there may be an over extension of its effects.

 Allergy – some drugs cause the release of histamine giving rise to allergic
symptoms such as dermatitis, swelling, fall in blood pressure, suffocation
and death.

 Idiosyncrasy – it refers to the individual reaction to a drug, food etc., for

unexplained reasons. Morphine for example, which sedates all men,
stimulates and renders some women maniacal behaviors.

 Poisonous Property – drugs are chemicals and some of them have the
property of being general protoplasmic poisons.

 Side Effects – some drugs are not receptors for one organ but receptors
of other organs as well. The effect in the other organs may constitute a side
effect, which are most of the time is unwanted.
 STIMULANTS INDUCE
ALLERTNESS, WAKEFULNESS,
ELEVATED MOOD, INCREASE
SPEECH, MENTAL AND MOTOR
ACTIVITY, RELIEVE FATIGUE OR
BOREDOM AND DECREASE
APPETITE.
IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF STIMULANTS

Dilated pupil
Increase in blood pressure/heart
rate/breathing rate/body
temperature
Involuntary muscle twitching
Less hunger
Slurred speech
Depressant – These are drug that has the
effect of depressing the central nervous system
causing initial relaxation leading to
drowsiness and sleep.
Used of drowsiness results to impairment of
judgment, hearing, speech and muscle
coordination. The dull the minds, slow
down the body reaction to such extends
those accidental death and suicidal
usually happen.
 Hallucinogens are drugs that produce reactions such as
perceptual alterations and changes in the
state of consciousness.
 They consist of variety altering drugs, which
distort reality, thinking and perception of
time, sound, space and sensation.
 Immediate effects:
 Hallucinations/illusions
 Faster heartbeat and pulse rate
 Bloodshot eye/blurred vision/rem
 Forgetfulness/ inability to think
 Altered sense of time
 Impaired reflexes, coordination and concentration
 Food trip and sleepiness(mj)
4.Inhalants –
 Although not a drug but these are
household and industrial chemicals whose
volatile vapors or pressurized gases are
concentrated and breathed in via the nose
or mouth and produces intoxication, in a
manner not intended by the manufacturer.
 These substances include the following :

Quick-drying glue or plastic cement like rugby

Paint remover and lacquer as thinner and solvent
Gasoline and gasoline-based products
Kerosene
Nail polish or polish remover “acetone”
Lighter fluid and dry cleaning fluid
 NOTABLE EXAMPLES OF DEPRESSANTS

LEGAL DEPRESSANTS
Alcohol
The king of all drugs with potential for
abuse.
Alcohol is the most general legal
depressant. There are different types
of alcohol such as beer, wine and
liquor.
 BARBITURATES
 are drugs used for inducing
sleep in persons plagued
with anxiety, mental stress
and insomnia.
 They are also of value in the
treatment of epilepsy and
hypertension.
 They are available in
capsules, pills or tablets
and taken orally or injected.
This group of drugs is also known as sedative-
hypnotics. They help in sleep disorders and
reduce anxiety. Barbiturates generate impacts ranging
mild sedation to entire anesthesia. They can be injected
directly into veins and muscles but regularly taken in pill
form. Signs of intoxication comprise respiratory
depression, low blood pressure, exhaustion, fever,
strange excitement, irritability and seizures. The
major risk of intoxication is respiratory depression.
Other impacts of barbiturate overdoes include
drowsiness, slurred speech and loss of inhibitions.
 Barbiturates are classified as:

A. Ultrashort – acting - take effect

within 45 seconds and last up to 30
minutes.
eg. Sodium thiopenthal
B. Intermediate – acting - takes effect
within 15-30 minutes and last up to 6
hours.
eg. Amobarbital
C. Short – acting - takes effect within 10-20
minutes and last up to 6 hours.
eg. Pentobarbital
D. Long – acting - take effect within 30 –
60 minutes and last up to 8 hours.
eg. phenobarbital
Slang terms of barbiturates

A. Pentobarbital – Yellow
jackets

B. Secobarbital – red devils

C. Amobarbital – blue
devils/blue birds

D. Amosbarbital –
rainbow/double trouble
 Street name: LILY,
BALA, DOWNERS,
YELLOW JACKETS,
BLUE HEAVENS
TRANQUILIZERS
 are dugs that calm and
relax and diminish
anxiety.
 They are used in the
treatment of nervous
states in some mental
disorders without
producing sleep.

Benzodiazepines: from top to bottom row, diazepam,

chlordiazepoxide, flurazepam, clonazepam,
clorazepate, lorazepam, and oxazepam
 Effects of Tranquilizer
 It caused physical weakness and
sleepiness.
 Induce mental and psychological
dullness
 It calms the nervous and relieves tension
and anxiety
 Overdose can lead to “coma” respiratory
failure and death
Benzodiazephine – This is a
prescriptive drug used to treat anxiety
problems, alcohol withdrawal signs or
muscle spasm. It is at times applied
with other medicines to cure seizures.
The most common Benzoz include
xanax, activan and valium.
Benzodiazephine overdose can be
dangerous. It can be very addictive.
Kinds of Tranquilizers:

Meprobamate – a minor tranquilizer used

for the relief of anxiety, tension and
muscular spasms.

Diazepam – also known as “valium”. It is

the most commonly used tranquilizer,
which has a slow onset but long duration of
action.
Inhalants –
Inhalants normally include volatile substances that
produce fumes or vapors at room temperature. They
include glue, paint thinner o hair spray. They have the
same effects as alcohol.
They are inhaled by the use of plastic bags,
handkerchiefs or rugs soaked in these chemicals
Gaseous substances popularly known to abusers as
“gas”, “teardrops” .
Isobutyl, butyl, or
amyl nitrate

Household Sprays
 Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid (Rohypnol)

GHB is also known as “the date rape

drug” GHB has a very fast onset and is
swiftly removed from the body system.
This is an illegal depressant regularly
used to drug victims before sexually
assaulting them because of its sedative
components. Its effects include nausea,
amnesia, drowsiness or coma.
Street
name:
The forget-
me pill,
Mexican
Valium, or
Rufies
 Opium
narcotic drug produced from the drying resin of
unripe capsules of the opium poppy, (Papaver
somniferum.) Opium is grown mainly in Myanmar
(formerly Burma) and Afghanistan. The legitimate
world demand for opium amounts to about 680
metric tons a year, but many times that amount is
distributed illegally.
Raw opium is dark brown in color and is bitter in taste.
Opium poppy plant
“papaver somniferum”
 Opium
Sap of the opium poppy plant
The collection of the milky
coagulated juice is done by
methodically incising the poppy
plant and then dried. This is done
during harvest season only.

SLANG NAMES: “gum”, “gamot’,

“kalamay”, “panocha
Signs and Symptoms of Opium
Administration
Stage of Excitement
 there is increase in mental activity,
restlessness or even hallucination
 there is flushing of the face and
increased action of the heart
Signs and Symptoms of Opium
Administration
Stage of Stupor
 the person suddenly becomes quiet
 there maybe headache, giddiness, lethargic
condition and uncontrollable desire to sleep
 when asleep, can not be aroused by external
stimuli
 pupils are constricted, face and lips are
cyanosed
 there is itching sensation all over the skin
 pulse and respiration are still normal
 Signs and Symptoms of Opium
Administration
Stage of Narcosis
 the patient passed into a deep coma

 he cannot be aroused by external stimuli

 muscles are relax and reflexes are lost

 skin secretion is completely suspended

although the skin feels cold and clammy
 the pupils are constricted to almost pinpoint
and they’re insensible to light
 the pulse is slow, respiration is slow
Withdrawal Syndrome
– if an addict is suddenly deprived
of opiate, the following symptoms
may develop.
8 – 16 hours after withdrawal – nervousness,
restlessness and anxiety
14 hours later – frequent yawning, sweating,
runny nose
24 hours later – symptoms increases, pupils are
dilated, goose flesh develops and shivering
36 hours later – severe twisting of muscles,
painful cramps of legs and abdomen, vomiting
and diarrhea
NOTE: Meconic Acid – the active ingredient of the
opium poppy plant.
 Morphine
1st derivative of opium
 Morphine

Its name was derived from the name

“morpheus”, the Greek God of Dreams
because of its dreamful effect, which
follows its initial stimulating effect.
Physician begun to use morphine as a cure
for opium addiction, but all they managed
to do was to transfer the dependents to a
drug even stronger than the original
 Morphine

Effective as a painkiller six times

more potent or stronger than opium,
with a high dependence producing
potentials. One of the best used
opiates.

It can be taken in any route; its

abusive use is mostly by intravenous
injection.
SLANG NAMES: “M”,
“Dreamer”, “Pectoral”, “Syrup”,
“AAA”, “999”, hows, first line,
emsel, emma.
 SYMPTOMS OF ABUSE
 Drowsiness
 Lack of sleep
 Euphoria
 Neglect of personal hygiene
 Constricted pupils
 Stupor
 Loss of appetite
 Neglect of sex life
WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS
 anxiety
 insomnia
 depression
 vomiting
 watery eyes
 diarrhea
 runny nose
 loss of appetite
 excessive yawning and sneezing
 cramps
 cold and hot flashes
 nausea
 convulsion
 Heroin
It is derived from morphine, consist
of crystals so small as to resemble
powdered sugar, a fine grade flour
or detergent.

With continued use, addiction

occurs within 14 days.
 Heroin
Derivative of opium
It is three to five times more powerful than
morphine from which it is derived and the
most addicting opium derivative. With
continued use, addiction occurs within 14 days.

It maybe sniffed or swallowed but it is usually

injected in veins

It is the most powerful opium derivative.

The symptoms of abuse and
withdrawal is the same as that of
morphine but more severe.

SLANG NAMES: “Snow”, “stuff”,

“junk tooth”, “H”, dragon, big H,
brown, sugar, kabayo, kengkoy,
matsako, pulbos, sapsap, tinik.
 Synthesized in 1874 as
anesthetic
 First Controlled in 1914
 Today: No use for medicinal
purpose
 Sources:
Columbia, Mexico, Burma,
Afghanistan
Heroin Packaged for Concealment
 Codeine

a component of opium and a derivative of

morphine, in most respects a tenth or less
as effective as morphine. It is widely
used as ingredient in cough syrup. It
is usually taken orally in tables, for pain;
or in a liquid preparation, or variable
alcohol content for cough and can also be
injected.
Also known as Methylmorphine
 Codeine
Derivative of opium use in cough syrup
 Codeine
It is discovered by Robiquet in the process of
discovering drugs that would cure opium
and morphine addiction. It is cough
suppressant and analgesic.
The symptoms of abuse are the same as
morphine but lesser in degree. Its symptoms
of withdrawal are less severe than other drugs.

SLANG NAMES: “School boy”, “cough syrup

 Demerol and Methadone

methadone was first sensitized

in Germany in 1943, when an
opiate analgesic was not
available because of war, it
was first called “Dolophine”
after Adolf Hitler.
Methadone
Common synthetic drugs with
morphine – like effects.

Demerol is widely used as a painkiller

in childbirth while methadone is the
drugs of choice in the withdrawal
treatment of heroin dependents since it
relieves the physical craving for heroin.
 Paregoric

A tincture of opium in
combination with camphor.
Commonly used as a household
remedy for diarrhea and abdominal
pain.
Paregoric – the name paregoric means “soothing
preparation”
Seconal
A drug commonly used by hospitality
girls. Sudden withdrawal from this drug
is even more dangerous than opiate
withdrawal.
The dependent develops generalized
convulsions and delirium, which are
frequently associated with heart and
respiratory failure
 Depressants
Methaqualone
 Is a synthetic sedative which has
been widely abused and often
caused serious poisoning. It is a
sedative drug in a smaller dose and a
hypnotic in a bigger dose.
 The effect is similar to barbiturates
and action is within 30 minutes after
administration; the effect is for 6 –
10 hours.
Narcotics – it is derived from the Greek work
“narkoticos” meaning sleep.

- term originally applied to all compounds that
produce insensibility to external stimuli through
depression of the central nervous system.

 these are generally use as pain killing drugs, it relieves
pain and produce profound sleep or stupor.
 Stimulants

Stimulants (uppers)
These are drugs that produce
excitation, alertness and wakefulness,
intense feeling of “highness” and in
some cases, a temporary rise in blood
pressure and respiration.
 Stimulants

They produce the opposite to that of

depressants. Instead of bringing about
relaxation and sleep, they produce
increased mental alertness,
wakefulness, reduce hunger and
provide a feeling of well being.
 Stimulants

Their medical uses include treatment

of Narcolepsy – a condition
characterized by an overwhelming
desire to sleep. A person who has
narcolepsy goes to sleep as frequently
as 5 times a day.
 KINDS OF STIMULANTS

 Amphetamines
A group of synthetic drugs, increasing the
heart rate and raising blood pressure.
Used medically for weight reducing in obesity,
relief or mild depression and treatment of
narcolepsy.

SLANG NAMES: “beanies”, “co-pilots”,

“foot ball hearts”, “pep pills”, “ampies”
Cartwheels
Amphetamines
Amphetamine is a potent central nervous
system (CNS) stimulant of the
phenethylamine class that is approved for
the treatment of attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and
narcolepsy. Amphetamine was
discovered in 1887. Amphetamine is also
used as a performance and cognitive
enhancer, and recreationally as an
aphrodisiac and euphoriant.
 Caffeine

Drugs present in coffee, tea, chocolates,

cola drinks and some wake-up pills.
It is included in many soft drinks, as well
as a larger amount in energy drinks.
Caffeine is the world's most widely
used psychoactive drug and by far the
most common stimulant.
 Ephedrine
Ephedrine is commonly
used as a stimulant, appetite
suppressant, concentration
aid, and decongestant and to
treat hypertension associated
with anesthesia.
 ECSTACY
Street Name: XTC, Adam, essence, E, herbals
 How it is being taken : Swallowing or inhalation
 Effects: Exaggerated emotions, makes PR and BP hike up,
dries the mouth, stiffens arms, legs, jaw; dilates pupils of the
eyes, causes faintness, chills sweating and nausea
Dangers: It can really kill!
 MDMA

This commonly known as Ecstasy, MDMA is

a psychoactive drug used primarily as a
recreational drug. The desired recreational
effects include increased empathy,
euphoria, and heightened sensations.
When taken by mouth, effects begin after
30–45 minutes and last 3–6 hours. MDMA
was first synthesized in 1912 by Merck
chemist Anton Kollisch.
Taken at a dance or rave,
ecstasy's sensory altering
properties can be heightened by
the high degree of sensory
stimulation (lights, music and
crowded dance floors).
 Mephedrone

- It is a synthetic stimulant drug of the

amphetamine and cathinone. It is reported to
be manufactured in China and is chemically similar
to the cathinone compounds found in the khat
plant of Eastern Africa. It comes in the form of
tablets or a powder, which users can swallow, snort,
or inject, producing similar effects to MDMA,
Amphetamines and cocaine. Mephedrone was first
synthesized in 1929, but did not become widely
known until it was rediscovered in 2003.
Street name: Drone or MCAT
Catha edulis (khat)
 Cocaine
this is naturally extracted/obtained from
the leaves of erythroxylon coca or the
coca bush. Coca can be grown
successfully elsewhere in tropical areas
and can be harvested 2 – 4 times a year
upon climatic conditions. The plant is
called erythroxylon coca and the alkaloid
extracted from the leaves has a scientific
name which is Cocaine
Hydrochloride.
 Coca Bush Plant
“Erythroxylon Coca” – where cocaine was derived from
Cocaine was
discovered in 1850 by
Nietman.
Cocaine is fine, fluffy
white, crystalline
powder and
depending on the
degree of refinement,
may resemble
snowflakes, camphor,
sugar or salt.
People in some parts of the world
chew coca leaves. Oral use relieves
one from hunger and fatigue.
It was first used as local anesthesia
for it blocks the nerve cells causing
numbness, it can also constricts
blood vessels.
Hailed as a wonder drug in the late
19th century.
 3 Forms of Illegal Cocaine
 Hard tiny rock for large wholesale
or dealers.
 Flake form – considered as a
delicacy among coke cat (cocaine
addict).
 Powdered form – usually flaked
cocaine diluted with other substances
such as lactose or procaine.
Magnan’s Symptoms
It is the feeling that as if grains of
sand are lying under the skin or small
insects (cocaine bugs) are creeping on
the skin is the most characterized
symptoms.
Cocaine “Body Packer” Syndrome

Refers to the ingestion of multiple

small packages of cocaine for the
purpose of transporting contraband.
The drug is placed in a durable, non –
digestible container, taken by mouth
to be recovered at the place of
destination in the fecal discharge.
 Crack

Crack, which is an extremely potent smokeable

form of cocaine, is something 10 times stronger
than the regular coke and can cause instant
addiction and even death when excessive
amounts are used.

SLANG NAMES: “leaf”, “snow”, “coke”,

“speedballs when mixed with heroin”, “snorr”,
“chinese white”, “blow”, “C”, “coca”, “flake”,
“heaven”, “dust”, “paradise”
 SHABU
It is the most abused stimulants in the
Philippines today. It is commonly known
as “poor man’s cocaine”.
It is a white, colorless crystal or crystalline
powder with a bitter numbing taste.
It is taken orally, inhaled, snorted, sniffed or
injected.
SLANG NAMES: “upper”, “speed”, “ha”,
“ice”, “shabs”, “S” shasha, splash, uabs, sha
Methamphetamine HCL
“shabu, ice, meth”
 Epedra Plant
Where ephedrine extracted from
(Essential component of Shabu)
 Nicotine
An active components in
tobacco which acts as a
powerful stimulant of the
central nervous system.
 Hallucinogens (Psychedelics)

Are drugs capable of provoking

changes in sensation, thinking, self –
awareness and emotion. Alteration of
time and space perception (false
perception), illusions, hallucinations
and delusion.
 KINDS OF HALLUCINOGENS

1. Marijuana (Cannabis Sativa L) – it

is the most commonly abused
hallucinogen in the Philippines because
it can be grown extensively in the
country.
The effects of marijuana include a feeling
of grandeur. It can also produce opposite
effect, a dreamy sensation of time
seeming to stretch out.
Effects of Marijuana
• Euphoria
• Excitement
-(but eventually leads to sleepiness)
• Depression
• Hallucination
• Psychosis
• Impairment of complex motor functions
• “Food trip”
Effects of Marijuana

Macaulay Culkin
– Actor –Home Alone
Defect cause by smoking Marijuana
Two Varieties of the Cannabis
Plant
Resin – Producing – (female mj) –
THC is found most abundantly in the
upper leaves, barks and flowers of the
resin – producing plant.

Fiber – Producing – (male mj) –

contains lesser THC
 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Most active and are considered

responsible for the hallucinogenic
effect of marijuana. THC contains
the highest concentration of the
drug.
 “phantasmagoria”

A sensation wherein figures are

rushing towards the user at
tremendous speed, increasing in
size as they approach.
 Hashish/ Concentrated Cannabis

 Thisis a crude resin extracted from the

tops of a marijuana plant.

8 – 10 times stronger than commercial

grade on the average.

A general range in THC content would be

5 – 22 percent
Hashish/ Concentrated Cannabis

Ithas a color ranging from mustard

yellow to dark brown in color.

The lighter the color the lower the

potency, the darker the color the
higher the THC content
MJ - Hash
 Dangers of MJ

 MJ slows down the user’s mental

and psychomotor activities.
 The effects of mj can also impair
thinking, reading comprehension,
verbal and mathematical skills.
 MJ slows down reflexes so that users
become prone to accidents.
 Dangers of MJ

 MJ creates other health problems.

 Long – term use of mj may lead to
psychological dependence.
 Young mj users are more likely to go
on experimenting with other drugs
 Uses of medical marijuana

The most common use for medical marijuana in the

United States is for pain control. While marijuana
isn’t strong enough for severe pain (for example,
post-surgical pain or a broken bone), it is quite
effective for the chronic pain that plagues millions of
Americans, especially as they age. Part of its allure is
that it is clearly safer than opiates (it is impossible to
overdose on and far less addictive) and it can take
the place of NSAIDs such as Advil or Aleve, if people
can’t take them due to problems with their kidneys
or ulcers or GERD.
Along these lines, marijuana is said to be a fantastic
muscle relaxant, and people swear by its ability to lessen
tremors in Parkinson’s disease. I have also heard of its
use quite successfully for fibromyalgia, endometriosis,
interstitial cystitis, and most other conditions where the
final common pathway is chronic pain.

Marijuana is also used to manage nausea and weight

loss, and can be used to treat glaucoma. A highly
promising area of research is its use for PTSD in
veterans who are returning from combat zones.
Scientific Name:
Cannabis Sativa (Plants)
Tetrahydrocannabinol (Process)

Street / Slang Names

Mary Jane , MJ, Flower, Doodie,
Pampapogi, Brownies, Damo,
Pot, Tea, Joint, Dope, Jutes,
Chongki, Weed, Ganja, Hushies,
etc.

Female marijuana fruiting tops

containing large amount of the psychotic
element, Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
Marijuana paraphernalia
2. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)

The drug was first synthesized by Dr.

Albert Hoffman and Dr. Arthur
Steel from the ergot plants – a
fungus that parasites rye and other
grains and Diethylamide portion.
 LSD

This drug is the most powerful of the

Psychedelics and it is 1, 000 times more
powerful than marijuana.
 LSD causes perceptual changes so that the
user sees colors, shapes or objects more
intensely than normal person can and may
have hallucinations of things that are not
real. To him the real objects seem to
change, buildings seem to be cracking
open, and walls pulsating.
 LSD
It is colorless, odorless and tasteless
Physical effects: dilated pupils, flush
face, increase blood pressure, lower
temperature, profuse sweating, nausea
and rapid heartbeat.
Synesthesia is produced, as color seem to
have taste.
Adopted by the U.S. army as
brainwashing agent and truth serum for
prisoner interrogations.
made from a substance found in ergot, which is a
fungus that infects rye. It is a very powerful drug, so
only very small doses are usually taken.
 Other names

Acid, trips, tabs, microdots, dots.

 3. Peyote

Is derived from the surface part of a

small gray brown cactus. Peyote emits a
nauseating odor and its user suffers from
nausea.
The drug causes no physical dependence
and therefore, no withdrawal symptoms.
Peyote buttons produces hallucinations
occasionally sexual in nature.
Peyote Cactus
 Peyote

Side – effects may be feeling of terror,

anxiety, impaired space and color
perception and psychotic reactions.
Physical symptoms are similar to LSD

Peyote buttons are brown in color and

resemble the underside of dried
mushroom
4. Mescaline - active ingredient of the
peyote cactus
Mescaline is the active ingredient of the peyote cactus,
Lophophora williamsii. It can also be made
synthetically.

Cactus, cactus buttons, cactus joint, mesc, mescal.

In its pure state, mescaline sulphate is a white

crystalline powder. Synthetic mescaline may appear as
different coloured powders. The peyote cactus
contains 'buttons' that can be cut from the root of the
plant and dried.
 Phencyclidine (PCP)
 known on the street as “angel dust”.
 It is used as an intravenous anesthetic and
analgesic and used also as treatment for
mental disorder.
 Often produced unpleasant post –
operative side – effects including visual
disturbances and delirium.
 It was subsequently used as a veterinary
medicine until 1978 under the trade name
SERRYLAN .
 Killer Weed

combination of angel dust and marijuana

 6. Psilocybin
 This hallucinogenic alkaloid from small
Mexican mushroom. These mushrooms
induced nausea, muscular relaxation, mood
changes with visions of bright colors and
shapes
 Hallucinogenic effect may last for 4 – 5 hours
and later may be followed by depressions,
laziness, and complete loss of time and space
perceptions.
 Physiological effects produced by this drug is
similar to LSD.
 There are several varieties of magic mushrooms — ‘Golden tops’,
‘blue meanies’ and ‘liberty caps’ are some of the types found in
Australia that have the active ingredient psilocybin.

 Shrooms, mushies, magics, golden tops, blue meanies, liberty caps.

 Magic mushrooms look much like ordinary dried mushrooms, or they

come as a powdered material in capsules. Synthetic psilocybin
appears as a white crystalline powder that may be processed
into tablets or capsules, or dissolved in a liquid.

 Mushrooms containing psilocybin can often look very similar to other

mushrooms that are actually poisonous. Some poisonous mushrooms
may cause permanent liver damage or death after being eaten.
Psilocybin Mushroom
 7. Morning Glory Seeds
 Known as Lysergic Acid Amide
 The black and brown seeds of the wild tropical
morning glory that are used to produce
hallucinations. The seeds are ground into flour,
soaked in cold water, then strained through a
cloth and drunk.
 The active ingredient in the seed is similar to
LSD although less potent. The reactions are
likened to those resulting from LSD
Morning Glory Plant & Seeds
Morning Glory
 `b
Morning Glory Seeds
 1. The Devil’s Breath

This drug has the power to eliminate free will and

wipe out memory and is being dealt with regularly
on the streets of Colombia.
DEVIL’S BREATH
POPULAR PLANTS AS SOURCES
OF DANGEROUS DRUGS
 THE MARIJUANA PLANT
 Marijuana is a Spanish-Mexican term used to refer to the
Indian hemp plant. It is a plant that grows in tropical region
and attains an approximate height of 15 to 20 ft.
 Scientifically named as Cannabis Sativa Lima and a member
of the Cannabinaceae family of plants (separate male/female
plant), the female plant is known as the Pistillate
(short but short-lived) while the male plant is called the
Staminate (taller but short-lived)
 Its leaves formed a fingerlike look-odd in numbers from 3 up
to 13 fingerlike leaves.
 The stalk of the plant can attain a height of 3 to 16 ft while
roots can attain a length of approximately 8 inches.
 The resin called “hashish” can be found on the most top
portion of the female plant.
 The one that produces the physiological effect or the
Tetrahydrocannabinnol (THC)- the concentrated alkaloid
which is 5 to 20 times stronger then the plain marijuana
plant.
 THE OPIUM POPPY PLANT
 is scientifically known as Papaver
Somniferum.
 The word Papaver is a Greek term which
means poppy while the word Somniferum
is a Latin term which means
dream/induced sleep.
 The plant can grow from 3 to 6 ft in height
originally in Mesopotamia.
 The Summerians called it “Hul Gil”
which means, “plant of joy” due to its
joyful effect when administered. Its active
ingredient is the– the analgesic property.
Meconic acid
 The dangerous drugs that can be derive
from the plant are morphine, heroin, and
codeine.
THE COCA BUSH PLANT
 scientifically known as
Erythroxylon Coca common in
South America.
 The plant grows in mountainous
and tropical climate areas, on clay
like soil.
 A fully-grown cultivated coca
plant attains a height of 6 to 8 feet
and can be harvested 3 to 4 times
in a year.
 The dangerous drug that can be
produced from this plant is the
drug Cocaine- the most powerful
natural stimulant known as
cocaine hydrochloride.
 THE EPEDRA PLANT
 Known to the Chinese as “Ma Huang”, the
Epedra plant (Ephedra Vulgaris) is a
psychoactive plant that contains psychotropic
properties one of which is the alkaloid
Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, an active
ingredient of anti-asthma drugs used in over
the counter medications.
 It is also an essential chemical precursor in the
production of Methamphetamine or
Amphetamine drugs.
 Methamphetamine Hydrochloride commonly
known as “shabu” is a product derived from
this plant through chemical processes.