Scales:-

Measurement scales different types:-

Nominal Scale:-
A nominal scale is the 1st level of measurement scale in which the
numbers serve as “tags” or “labels” to classify or identify the objects.

Characteristics of Nominal Scale-

 A nominal scale variable is classified into two or more categories. In this
measurement mechanism, the answer should fall into either of the
classes.
 It is qualitative. The numbers are used here to identify the objects.

Ordinal Scale:-
The ordinal scale is the 2nd level of measurement that reports the
ordering and ranking of data without establishing the degree of
variation between them.

Characteristics of the Ordinal Scale-

 The ordinal scale shows the relative ranking of the variables.
 The interval properties are not known.
Interval Scale:-
The interval scale is the 3rd level of measurement scale. It is defined as
a quantitative measurement scale in which the difference between the
two variables is meaningful.

Characteristics of Interval Scale-

 The interval scale is quantitative as it can quantify the difference between the
values.
 It allows calculating the mean and median of the variables.

Ratio Scale:-
The ratio scale is the 4th level of measurement scale, which is quantitative.
It is a type of variable measurement scale. It allows researchers to
compare the differences or intervals. The ratio scale has a unique feature.
It possesses the character of the origin or zero points.

Characteristics of Ratio Scale-

 Ratio scale has a feature of absolute zero.

 It doesn’t have negative numbers, because of its zero-point feature.
Various Scales:-
Nominal Scale:-
Used for labelling variables or recognition of a group or
individual, without any quantitative value .
“Nominal” “Name”
“Nominal scale” “labels” “Names”

All these scales are mutually exclusive (NO OVERLAP)

Example:- male or female groups ,religious preferences,
name of states etc.
None of them have any numerical significance.
A subtype of nominal scale with only two categories is called
“Dichotomous”.
Example:- Male Female, Yes No, etc.

Ordinal Scale:-
Ordinal scale are typically measures of nonnumeric concepts
like satisfaction, happiness, discomfort, etc.
“ Ordinal” “Order”

Example:- Socioeconomic status Poor, Middle, Rich

Interval scale:-
Interval scales are numerical scales in which we know not
only the order but, also exact difference between the values.
“Interval scales” “Interval”
“Equal space in between”

Example :- Celsius temperature “the differences between 90

and 70 degrees a 20 degrees, as is the difference between 40
and 60 degrees

Limitations :- They don’t have “true zeros” but may have an

arbitrary zeros.
Without “true zeros” , it is impossible to compute ratios.
Only addition and subtraction are possible
Ratios Scales:-
 In Ratio scale we have Name and can be divided
into categories such as Order and they can tell us the
exact values between the unit
 They also have absolute zeros

Example :- Height and Weight

 The values under ratio scales can be Added,

subtracted, multiplied and divided.
 Which allows for a wide range of both descriptive
and inferential statistics to be applied
References:-
 www.google.com
 www.youtube.com
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_semi
otics