Modals

Possibility
• COULD, MAY, MIGHT
• For greater probability add WELL
• This may well be Garry's last appearance on TV.
• CAN for general possibilities
• MV + HAVE + 3VF = possibility in the past
• He might have changed his mind that's why he didn't
come.
• SHOULD for present or future probability.
• You shouldn't have to wait too long.
• Ex. 1
Ability and Willingness
• CAN and BE ABLE TO
• COULD only in the past
• MANAGED TO and WAS ABLE TO to talk about a specific event
• I managed to run the marathon.
• CAN and COULD for perception
• I can smell something burning.
• WILL for willingness now or in the future
• I'll do the washing up.
• WOULDN'T for unwillingness in the past.
• Ex. 2-3
Permission and Request
• CAN and COULD, MAY and MIGHT
• WILL and WOULD for requests
• Would you wait here for a minute, please?
• Ex. 4-5
Obligation and Necessity
• MUST and HAVE TO
• MUST in the past is HAD TO
• MUST is for advice or recommendation
• MUST is for logical deduction, CAN'T is the negative
• You must be John. You can't be Peter.
• MUST/CAN'T + HAVE + 3VF = LOGICAL DEDUCTION IN THE PAST
• WILL for logical necessity
• Is that the doorbell? I'll be the pizza delivery.
• SHOULD is for advice
• SHOULD + HAVE + 3VF = CRITICIZING PAST EVENTS
• You should have listened more carefully to what I said.
• Ex. 6-7
Semi-modals
• HAVE TO/DON'T HAVE TO
• OUGHT TO
• OUGHT TO HAVE - past
• OUGHT NOT TO, but for - SHOULD or DO TOU THINK WE SHOULD
• NEED
• NEEDN'T or DONT NEED TO
• NEEDNT + HAVE + 3VF = something happened which wasn't necessary
• DIDNT NEED TO - something wasn't necessary
• YOU NEEDN'T BOTHER, NEED I SAY MORE
• DARE in negative sentences and questions
• I didn’t dare to ask him out.
• I DARE SAY, HOW DARE YOU, DON’T YOU DARE
• Ex. 8-9