UNIT-13

MEASURES RELATED TO INFECTION PREVENTION

PRESENTED BY: RAKSHYA DAHAL

BNS 2nd YEAR
Roll no. 14
STUDENT TEACHER
 PRE-TEST
1. What do you mean by infection ?
2. What comes under infection cycle?
 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

 At the end of the session, B.Sc. nursing 1st year students

will be able to explain about Measures Related To
Infection Prevention .
 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
 At the end of this session B.S.C nursing 1st year student
will be able to:
 define infection prevention.
 explain terminologies of infection prevention.
 explain about infection cycle.
 CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Definition of infection prevention

 Terminologies of infection prevention

 Chain of infection

 Summary

 Assignment

 References
 DEFINITION
 Infection prevention refers to procedure/practices used to
minimize the risk of spreading infection, especially in
hospital and health care facilities.

 Health workers work in the environment where

pathogens are always present, they must take precaution
to protect themselves and their patients and visitors.
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 Nurses are responsible for providing quality care that
incorporates infection control practices.
 TERMINOLOGIES
1.Infection
• It is the invasion of the body by pathogens e. g. micro-
organism that reproduce, multiple and cause diseases.

• An infection is the result of an interaction between a

susceptible host and an infectious agent (bacteria,
viruses, parasites, fungi), a clinical syndrome caused by
the invasion and multiplication of pathogen in the body.

• Infection can be local and systemic.

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a. Local infection
 It is limited to the specific part of the body where the
micro-organism remain.

b. Systemic infection
 If the microorganism spread and damage different parts
of the body.
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c. Acute infection
 Generally appears suddenly or last for short time or
several days.

d. Chronic infection
 May occur slowly over a very long period and may last
for month or years.
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2.Host
 Host is the living organism harboring another organism
as a parasite, typically providing nourishment and shelter
in which an organism reaches maturity and reproduces.

3.Agent
 It is biological pathogen that cause diseases, such as
virus, bacteria, fungi or parasites and also a toxin or
toxic chemical that can cause illness.
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4.Sepsis
 Sepsis is systemic inflammation condition that occurs as
a complication of infection and in severe cases may be
associated with life threatening and organ dysfunction.
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5.Antisepsis
 It is the prevention of infection by killing or inhibiting
microorganism on skin and other part of the body by
using chemical agent.

 The process may be either bactericidal or bacteriostatic.

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6.Asepsis
 Absence of disease producing micro-organism or free
from infection.

7.Sterilization
 Sterilization is the process that eliminates all micro-
organism, including spores.
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8.Autoclaving
 It is the process of sterilization of articles by steam under
pressure using a special apparatus called autoclave.
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9.Contamination
 Contamination means the act of soiling or making dirty
or impure by touch.

10.Decontamination
 Decontamination is the process that makes objects safer
to be handled by the staff, especially cleaning personnel
before cleaning.
 It is the process of cleaning surgical instrument prior to
sterilization.
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11.Disinfectant
 It is the germicidal chemical substance used on
inanimate objects to kill pathogenic microorganism e.g.
dettol, lysol.

12.Cross infection
 Infection transmitted between individuals infected with
different pathogenic organism.
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13.Bacteremia
 When the culture of person’s blood reveals micro-
organism that condition called bacteremia.

14.Septicemia
 When bacteremia result in systemic infection it is refers
to septicemia.
 Septicemia is a serious infection occurs when bacteria
enter the bloodstream and spread.
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15.Nosocomial infection
 Nosocomial infection also known as a hospital acquired
infection (HAI), is an infection whose development is
favored by hospital environment, such, as one acquired
by a patient during a hospital visit or one developing
among hospital staffs.
 THE INFECTION CYCLE
 Infection is the invasion of a susceptible host by
pathogenic or micro-organism resulting in disease.

 Such micro-organism is called an infectious agent.

 Infection occurs as a cyclic process.
 If the micro-organism produces no clinical evidence of
disease, the infection is called asymptomatic or sub-
clinical.
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 There are six components in this cycle which is also
known as chain of infection.

i. Infectious agent
ii. Source(reservoir)
iii. Portal of exit
iv. Mode of transmission
v. Portal of entry
vi. Susceptible Host
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1.Infectious agent
 The first link in the chain of infection is the microbial
agent which may be a bacterium, viruses, fungus or
parasites.

 The ability of the infectious agent to cause disease

depend on its Pathogenicity, virulence, invasiveness or
specificity.
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a) Pathogenicity
It is the organism’s ability to harm and to cause disease.

b)Virulence
Virulence related to the vigor with which the organism can
grow and multiply.
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c)Invasiveness
Invasiveness describes the organism’s ability to enter
tissues.

d)Specificity
Specificity refers to the organism’s attraction to a specific
host.
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2.Source (reservoir)
 A reservoir is a place where a pathogen can survive but
may or may not multiply.

 Inanimate objects, human beings and animal are sources.

 Inanimate objects include medication, air, food, water or

any other material on which organism can find
nourishment or survive.

 Eg :- Human are the reservoir for tubercle bacilli

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3.Portal of exit
 Portal of exit is the path by which a pathogen leaves its
host.

 Common associated portal of exit are nose, mouth,

vagina, wound, rectum etc.
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4.Mode of transmission
 After a micro-organism leaves its reservoir, it requires a
means of transmission to reach another person or host
through a portal of entry.

 There are three mechanisms.

I. Direct transmission.
II. Indirect transmission
III. Air borne transmission.
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I) Direct transmission.

 The organisms can be transmitted directly from person to

person through touching, biting, kissing or sexual contact.

 Droplet spread is also a form of direct transmission but

can occur only if the source and the host are within 3 feet
of each other.

 Sneezing, coughing, talking can project droplet spray into

the mucous membranes of the eye, nose or mouth of
another person.
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II) Indirect transmission

 Involves contact of a susceptible host with a

contaminated objects, usually inanimate objects such as
contaminated instruments, needles or dressings.

 Indirect transmission may be either vector borne or

vehicle borne.
a. Vehicle borne transmission
b. Vector borne transmission
VEHICLE BORNE TRANSMISSION
 A vehicle is any substance that serves as an intermediate
means to transport an infectious agent into a susceptible
host through a suitable portal of entry.

 Fomites (inanimate materials or objects) such as

handkerchief, toys, soiled clothes, cooking or eating
utensils, surgical instrument etc. can act as vehicles.
 VECTOR BORNE
TRANSMISSION
 A vector is an animal or flying or crawling insects that
serves as an intermediate means of transporting
infectious agents.

 Transmission may occur by injecting salivary fluid

during biting or by depositing feces or other materials on
skin through bite wound or a traumatized skin area.
 AIR BORNE TRASMISSION
 Airborne transmission may involve droplets nuclei or
evaporated droplets or dust.

 Droplets nuclei or evaporated droplets suspended in air

during coughing or sneezing.
5.Portal of entry

 From the vehicle transmission, the micro-organisms

reach the human body through portal of entry, which
may be the mouth, nose or through cracked skin.
6.Susceptible Host

 Susceptible host is any person who is at risk of infection.

 Body’s defense and other factors can affect susceptibility

to infection.

 There are many factors which influence the host’s

susceptibility

 E. g. body’s resistance to disease, age, sex, race, climate,

general health status and any medication etc.
 POST-TEST
1. What do you mean by infection ?
2. What comes under infection cycle?
 ASSIGNMENT
 Define infection prevention & it’s chain of infection on
your own words.
 PLAN FOR NEXT CLASS
 Nosocomial infection
 REFERENCE
 Mandal, G.N., & Subedi, D. (2014). A textbook of
fundamental of Nursing. (1st Ed.). Makalu publication
house. P. 358-412.
 Pathak, S., & Devkota, R. (2012). A textbook of
fundamental Nursing. (3rd Ed.). VidyarthiPrakashan Pvt.
Ltd. P. 342-371.
 Rai, L. (2019). A textbook of Nursing concepts theories
and principles. (4th Ed.). Akshav Publication
 Shrestha, H., Poudyal, P., & Giri, S. (2072). A textbook
of medical surgical Nursing I &II. (1st Ed.). Heritage
Publisher & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. P. 671.
 CONTINUE..
 Timalsina, R. (2018). A textbook of geriatric Nursing.
(2nd Ed.). Samiksha Publication Pvt. Ltd.
 Timalsina, R., & Dhami, J. (2019). A textbook
fundamental of Nursing. (3rd Ed.). Samiksha Publication
Pvt. Ltd.
 World Health Organization. Infection prevention and
control.Retrieved on Jan 25, 2022 from
https://www.who.int/teams/integrated-health-services/inf
ection-prevention-control.