Lesson 2.

3
Curriculum Development: Processes
and Models
Presented by: GROUP 1
 Desired Learning Outcome
• Explain and summarize the curriculum
development process and models
• Curriculum is a dynamic process. In
curriculum development, there are always
changes that occur that are intended for
improvement.
Curriculum Development Process

• Curriculum development is a dynamic process involving many different people

and procedures. Development connotes changes which is systematic. A change
for the better means alteration, modification or improvement of existing
condition. To produce positive changes, development should be purposeful,
planned and progressive. Usually it is linear and follows a logical step-by-step
fashion involving the following phases: curriculum planning, curriculum design,
curriculum implementation and curriculum evaluation. Generally, most models
involve phases.
1. Curriculum planning considers the school vision,
mission and goals. It also includes the philosophy or strong
education belief of the school. All of these will eventually
be translated to classroom desired learning outcomes for
the learners.
2. Curriculum designing is the way curriculum is
conceptualized to include the selection and organization of
content, the selection and organization of learning
experiences or activities and the selection of the
assessment procedure and tools to measure achieved
learning outcomes. A curriculum design will also include
the resources to be utilized and the statement of the
intended learning outcomes.
3. Curriculum Implementing is putting into action the plan
which is based on the curriculum design in the classroom setting or
the learning environment. The teacher is the facilitator of learning
and together with the learners, uses the curriculum as design guides
to what will transpire in the classroom with the end in view of
achieving the intended learning outcomes Implementing the
curriculum is where action takes place It involves the activities that
transpire in every teacher's classroom where learning becomes an
active process.
4. Curriculum evaluating determines the extent to which the
desired outcomes have been achieved. This procedure is on-going as
in finding out the progress of learning (formative) or the mastery of
learning (summative). Along the way, evaluation will determine the
factors that have hindered or supported the implementation. It will
also pinpoint where improvement can be made and corrective
measures, introduced. The result of evaluation is very important for
decision-making of curriculum planners and implementors.
Curriculum Development Process
Models
• Explain and summarize the curriculum development process and models

1. Ralph Tyler Model: Four Basic Principles

• Also known as Tyler's Rationale, the curriculum development

model emphasizes the planning phase. This is presented in his
book Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction. He
posited four fundamental principles which are illustrated as
answers to the following questions:
• Explain and summarize the curriculum development process and models

1. What education purposes should schools seek to attain?

2. What educational experiences can be provided that are likely to attain these
purposes?
3. How can these educational experiences be effectively
organized?
4. How can we determine whether these purposes are being
attained or not?

Tyler's model shows that in curriculum development, the

following considerations should be made:
1. Purposes of the school.
2. Educational experiences related to the purposes
3. Organization of the experiences
4. Evaluation of the experience
• Explain and summarize the curriculum development process and models

2. Hilda Taba Model: Grassroots Approach

• She believed that teachers should participate in developing a

curriculum. As a grassroots approach, Taba begins from the
bottom, rather than from the top as what Tyler proposed.
1. Diagnosis of learners' needs and expectations of the larger
society
2. Formulation of learning objectives
3. Selection of learning contents

4. Organization of learning contents

5. Selection of learning experiences
6. Determination of what to evaluate and the means of doing it.
• Explain and summarize the curriculum development process and models

3. Galen Saylor and William Alexander Curriculum Model

• Galen Saylor and William Alexander (1974) viewed curriculum

development as consisting of four steps. Curriculum is "a plan for
providing sets of learning opportunities to achieve broad
educational goals and related specific objectives for an identifiable
population served by a single school center."
• Explain and summarize the curriculum development process and models

1. Goals, Objectives and Domains. Curriculum planners begin by

specifying the major educational goals and specific objectives they wish
to accomplish. Each major goal represents a curriculum domain: personal
development, human relations, continued learning skills and
specialization. The goals, objectives and domains are identified and
chosen based on research findings accreditation standards, and views of
the different stakeholders.
• Explain and summarize the curriculum development process and models

2. Curriculum Designing. Designing a curriculum follows after

appropriate learning opportunities are determined and how each
opportunity is provided. Will the curriculum be designed along the lines
of academic disciplines, or according to student needs and interests or
along themes? These are some of the questions that need to be answered
at this stage of the development process
• Explain and summarize the curriculum development process and models

3. Curriculum Implementation. A designed curriculum is now

ready for implementation. Teachers then prepare instructional plans

where instructional objectives are specified and appropriate teaching

methods and strategies are utilized to achieve the desired learning

outcomes among students.

• Explain and summarize the curriculum development process and models

4. Evaluation. A comprehensive evaluation using a variety of

evaluation techniques is recommended. It should involve the total
educational programme of the school and the curriculum plan, the
effectiveness of instruction and the achievement of students. Through
the evaluation process, curriculum planners and developers can
determine whether or not the goals of the school and the objectives of
instruction have been met.
 All the models utilized the processes of (1)

curriculum planning, (2) curriculum designing, (3)

curriculum implementing, and (4) curriculum

evaluating.
Thank You!