DASAR PERLAKUAN PANAS

DESTRI MULIASTRI, S.SI, M.T

HEAT TREATMENT

Heating material to a temperature,

holding it at that temperature for a
period of time followed by cooling at a
specified rate
Furnace / tungku / oven
Pengertian – Perlakuan Panas

Perlakuan panas (heat treatment) didefinisikan sebagai kombinasi

operasi pemanasan dan pendinginan yang terkontrol dalam keadaan
padat untuk mendapatkan sifat-sifat tertentu pada baja/logam atau
paduan. Terjadinya perubahan sifat tersebut dikarenakan terjadi
perubahan struktur mikro selama proses pemanasan dan
pendinginan, di mana sifat baja/logam atau paduan sangat
dipengaruhi oleh struktur mikronya.
Pengertian – Perlakuan Panas
o Prinsip perlakuaan panas adalah proses untuk mendapatkan sifat mekanik baru
melalui proses pemanasan dan pendingingan.
o Untuk mendapatkan struktur yang berbeda dari kondisi awal sebelum di
lakukan perlakuaan panas.
o Secara umum perubahan struktur mikro tersebut terjadi akibat adanya
trasformasi austenit.
o Austenit dapat bertransformasi menjadi perlite, bainite atau
martensite.
Austenit dapat terjadi apabila
dilakukan proses pemanasan,
selain itu temperatur
pemanasannya tergantung dari
presentase kandungan karbon
baja tersebut , hypo, eutektik
atau hyper eutektik yaitu (AC1),
 Kondisi Kesetimbangan

A1= Temperatur Eutektoid (temp

minimum Austenite)
A3= Temp Batas terendah Austenite
tergantung
%C

Acm = Temp Batas atas austenite

Tergantung % C
MICROSTRUCTURE OF STEEL
Klasifikasi Proses Perlakuan
Panas

1. Hardening
2. Annealing
3. Normalizing
4. Tempering
 Hardening

• It consists of heating the steel to a temperature above

the critical point (30-50oC); holding it at this
temperature for a considerable period; quenching
(sudden cooling) in water, oil/molten salt solution.
• The heating operation is required form the purpose of
transforming the ferrite and pearlite for hypo eutectoid
steels and pearlite and cementite for hyper eutectoid
steels into austenite.
• A rapid cooling form the hardened temperature causes
austenite to be transformed into martensite which is
very hard and brittle.
Hardening- Processes
Up – 28 to 56
Tergantung % C

Upper Critical Tempetarur

Faktor –faktor yang mempengaruhi proses hardening antara lain

1. Komposisi kimia baja;

2. Ukuran dan bentuk komponen/part
3. Siklus hardening (laju pemanasan, temperatur
pemanasan, holding time, dan laju pendinginan)
4. Homogenitas dan ukuran butir austenit;
5. Media quencing;
6. Kondisi permukaan dari komponen;
 Refining

• Prolonged heating at temperatures well above

the upper critical point followed by slow cooling
(as in case hardening) causes the grain
structure of steel to coarsen
• The refining process has the effect of reducing
the size of the crystalline structure it consists of
reheating the steel to between 840°C and
900°C then quenching either water or oil.
 Tempering

• The steel hardened by rapid quenching is

very hard and brittle. It also contains
internal stresses, which are severe and
unequally distributed to cause cracks or
even rupture of hardened steel.
• This brittleness is removed by tempering.
• Tempering results in a desired
combination of hardness, ductility,
toughness, strength, and structural
stability
 Tempering Processes

• It consists of reheating the steel after

hardening to a temperature below the
critical point; holding it for a considerable
period and slow cooling (4-5 min/ mm).
• This is done to reduce the brittleness of
the hardened steel and thus to increase
ductility to relieve the internal stresses
and to make the steel tough to resist
shock and fatigue.
FCC

BCT
 Tipe Martensite

1.Lath Martensite ; 2. Mixed Martensite dan 3.

Plate Martensite
Struktur Mikro Martensite
Struktur Mikro Tempering
Hasil- Tempering
Annealing and Normalizing

Normalizing heating the material above the upper transformation temperature,

holding it and then cooling it slowly at room Temperature.
Annealing  heating the material above the upper transformation temperature
or some other hight temperature, and holding it. Next, the material is cooled in a
temperature controlled oven.
Effect Annealing & Normalizing  Produce a material that is less hard and less
strong. They make a material less brittle and more ductile.
 Full Anealing

A3
Parsial Anealing
Temperatur , oC

A1

SubCrical Annealing

Waktu
Purposes for Annealing and Normalizing

 To make the material easier to

machine
 To produce material that is easier to
form
 To relieve internal stresses
 To refine crystal structure of a part
 Process Annealing

• The process consists of slow heating the steel slightly

above (30-50oC) the critical point for (Pearlite and
Ferrite), holding it at this temp for considerable period
(3.4 min/mm length of piece); slow cooling in sand (the
rate of cooling from 30oC to 200oC depends upon the
composition of the steel. [cooling in furnace]
• The grain structure has coarse Pearlite with ferrite or
Cementite. The steel becomes soft and ductile.
• The grain structure has coarse Pearlite with ferrite or
Cementite depending on whether hypo (Pearlite and
Ferrite) or hyper eutectoid (Pearlite + Cementite).
• The steel becomes soft and ductile.
 Foto-
Perlite Kasar
Mikro Perlite Halus
Full- Annealing
Butir logam sebelumdan sesudah
pengerolan dingin

Soft Hard
General – Treatment materials
of Steels
Precipitation hardening or Age
hardening
 Introduction

• The strength and hardness of some metal alloys may be

enhanced by the formation of extremely small uniformly
dispersed particles of a second phase within the original
phase matrix; this must be accomplished by phase
transformations that are induced by appropriate heat
treatments.
• The process is called precipitation hardening
because the small particles of the new phase are
termed “precipitates”
 Age hardening

• “Age hardening” is also used to designate this

procedure because the strength develops with time, or
as the alloy ages. Examples of alloys that are hardened
by precipitation treatments include aluminum–copper,
copper–beryllium, copper–tin, and magnesium–
aluminum; some ferrous alloys are also precipitation
hardenable.
Solution heating
treating
Batas kelarutan
maksimum

Tahap 1
Pemanasan diatas garis
solvus dan solidus T1,
pada suhu ini β akan
larut.
Solution Heating Treating
• Tahap kedua quenching dengan cepat, pada
suhu T3 (biasanya menggunakan air) ke
suhu kamar, dalam posisi ini α akan
mengalami supersaturated solid solution
(αsss ).
• Tahap ke tiga disebut dengan age hardening,
apabila dilakukan di suhu kamar disebut
deng natural aging dan pada suhu yang
lebih tinggi disebut dengan “artificial aging”
(T2).
Siklus-proses
Several stages in the formation of the equilibrium PPT ()
phase.
(a) supersaturated  solid solution;
(b) transition (”) PPT phase;
(c) equilibrium  phase within the  matrix phase.
Perubahan sifat
mekanik
Deskripsi Struktur mikro
 GP1 zone
mikroskop
elektron
Al-4 % Cu, dipanaskan 540oC
di quenching dengan air
dan aging 16 jam pada
130oC. ( 1000,000 x).[4]
GP2 Zone ( ),

AL-4 % Cu di
panaskan 540oC,
quenching air, dan
aging 1 hari pada
suhu 130oC
[mikroskop
elektron 800,000
X)[4]
 PRECIPITATION
STRENGTHENING
Presipitat yang keras “ tegangan geser semakin tinggi”
Ex: Ceramics in metals (SiC in Iron or Aluminum).

• Result: 1
y ~ S

24
Struk
mikro
Pengaruh
Temperature

2014 aluminum alloy (0.9 wt% Si,

4.4 wt% Cu, 0.8 wt% Mn, 0.5 wt%
Mg) at 4 different aging
temperatures.
(4) WhatsApp

Struktur morfologi
perubahan sel satuan
Pengaruh presipitasi hardening treatment
terhadap sifat mekanik aluminum Alloy
2104,

O: Soft temper, anneled, recristalisasi;

T4: Solution treatment di ikuti dengan natular aging;
T6: Solution treatatment di ikuti dengan artificial aging;