CHRONIC KIDNEY

DISEASE AND
CHOLECYSTECTOMY
JAMANDRA, CYRILLE JOY .
MADAYAG, RICHLYN EZRA
LIM, KEVEAN KIMI
 CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

● Chronic kidney disease includes conditions that damage your kidneys and
decrease their ability to keep you healthy by filtering wastes from your
blood. If kidney disease worsens, wastes can build to high levels in your
blood and make you feel sick.
● Kidney disease also increases your risk of having heart and blood vessel
disease. These problems may happen slowly over a long time.
● When kidney disease progresses, it may eventually lead to kidney failure,
which requires dialysis or a kidney transplant to maintain life.
 KIDNEY DISEASE FACTS
➢ 37 million American adults have CKD, and millions of
others are at increased risk

➢ Early detection can help prevent the progression of kidney

disease to kidney failure

➢ Heart disease is the primary cause of death for all people

with CKD
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
● Fatigue: Feeling excessively tired or lacking energy can be a common symptom of
CKD.
● Swelling: Fluid retention, especially in the legs, ankles, or around the eyes, may occur
due to the kidneys' reduced ability to remove excess fluid from the body.
● Changes in Urination: Changes in the frequency and quantity of urine may be
observed. This can include increased or decreased urine production, foamy urine, or
urine that is dark or has a strong odor.
● Blood in Urine: Hematuria, or blood in the urine, can be a sign of kidney damage.
● Persistent Itching: Kidney failure can lead to the buildup of waste products in the
blood, causing itching.
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
● High Blood Pressure: CKD can contribute to elevated blood pressure, and in turn,
high blood pressure can further damage the kidneys. It's a two-way relationship.
● Nausea and Vomiting: Buildup of waste products in the body can lead to feelings of
nausea and may even result in vomiting.
● Shortness of Breath: Fluid buildup in the lungs can cause shortness of breath.
● Loss of Appetite: A decrease in appetite and weight loss can be symptoms of
advanced CKD.
● Muscle Cramps and Weakness: Electrolyte imbalances and the buildup of waste
products can affect muscle function, leading to cramps and weakness.
● Sleep Problems: Trouble sleeping or restless legs may be associated with chronic
kidney disease.
 RISK FACTORS
● Diabetes: Diabetes is one of the leading causes of CKD. High levels of blood glucose can
damage the blood vessels in the kidneys over time.
● Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): Elevated blood pressure can damage the small blood
vessels in the kidneys, leading to CKD. Additionally, CKD can also contribute to high blood
pressure in a feedback loop.
● Family History of Kidney Disease: If you have close relatives with kidney disease, you may be
at a higher risk.
● Age: The risk of CKD increases with age, particularly after the age of 60.
● Cardiovascular Disease: Heart disease and CKD often coexist, as they share common risk
factors such as hypertension and diabetes.
● Smoking: Smoking can damage blood vessels, including those in the kidneys, and is a risk
factor for CKD.
● Obesity: Being overweight or obese increases the risk of developing diabetes and hypertension,
both of which are major contributors to CKD.
 RISK FACTORS
● High Cholesterol: Elevated levels of cholesterol can contribute to the development and
progression of CKD.
● Ethnicity: Certain ethnic groups, such as African Americans, Native Americans, and Hispanics,
are at a higher risk of developing CKD.
● Autoimmune Diseases: Conditions like lupus and certain types of arthritis can affect the kidneys
and increase the risk of CKD.
● Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Frequent or severe UTIs can lead to kidney damage.
● Obstructive Kidney Diseases: Conditions that cause blockages in the urinary tract, such as kidney
stones or enlarged prostate, can increase the risk of CKD.
● Exposure to Nephrotoxic Substances: Long-term exposure to certain medications, toxins, or heavy
metals can contribute to kidney damage.
● Low Birth Weight: Individuals born with a low birth weight may have a higher risk of developing
kidney problems later in life.
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
TREATMENT
DIETS
NURSING MANAGEMENT
 CHOLECYSTECTOMY
● A cholecystectomy is surgery to remove your gallbladder.

● The gallbladder is a small organ under your liver. It is on

the upper right side of your belly or abdomen. The
gallbladder stores a digestive juice called bile which is
made in the liver.
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
➢ Pain and Discomfort: Some individuals may experience mild pain or discomfort in the abdomen
after surgery. This is often temporary and should improve as the body heals.
➢ Digestive Changes: The gallbladder stores bile, which is released into the small intestine to aid in
digestion, especially the breakdown of fats. After cholecystectomy, bile flows directly from the
liver into the small intestine, which can lead to changes in digestion. Some people may
experience:
○ Fatty Stool: Without the gallbladder, the body may have difficulty processing and
emulsifying fats, leading to looser or more frequent stools.
○ Bloating and Gas: Digestive changes can sometimes cause increased gas and bloating.
➢ Dietary Adjustments: In the immediate post-operative period, healthcare providers often
recommend a gradual reintroduction of solid foods. Some people may need to make long-term
dietary adjustments to manage symptoms related to the absence of the gallbladder.
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
➢ Risk of Diarrhea: Some individuals may experience diarrhea, especially after meals
high in fat. This is known as post-cholecystectomy syndrome. It occurs because the
body may have difficulty regulating the release of bile without the gallbladder.
➢ Referred Pain: Some people may experience referred pain in the shoulder or back
after cholecystectomy. This is typically temporary and should resolve as the body
heals.
➢ Nausea and Vomiting: Some individuals may experience nausea and vomiting in the
immediate post-operative period, but these symptoms usually improve as the
anesthesia wears off.
 RISK FACTORS
● Age: Older individuals may have a higher risk of complications from surgery. However,
cholecystectomy is routinely performed on people of various age groups.
● Obesity: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of complications during and after surgery. It
can make the surgery more challenging and may contribute to a longer recovery period.
● Previous Abdominal Surgery: Individuals who have had prior abdominal surgeries may have
adhesions or scar tissue, which can make the cholecystectomy procedure more complex.
● Pre-existing Health Conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, cardiovascular
disease, or respiratory conditions, may increase the risk of complications during and after surgery.
● Pregnancy: Cholecystectomy during pregnancy is generally avoided if possible due to the potential
risks to both the mother and the fetus. However, in some cases, surgery may be necessary, and the
decision is made based on the individual circumstances.
 RISK FACTORS
● Gallbladder Disease Severity: The severity of gallbladder disease, including the presence of
complications like inflammation or infection, can affect the complexity of the surgery and
the risk of complications.
● Bleeding Disorders: Individuals with bleeding disorders or those taking blood-thinning
medications may have an increased risk of bleeding during and after surgery.
● Infection: If there is an active infection in the gallbladder or surrounding tissues, there may
be an increased risk of complications.
● Allergies or Sensitivities to Anesthesia or Medications: Individuals with allergies or
sensitivities to anesthesia or specific medications may be at an increased risk of adverse
reactions.
● Poor General Health: Overall health status can impact how well the body tolerates surgery
and the recovery process.
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
TREATMENT
DIET
NURSING MANAGEMENT