ETHERNET

PRESENTATION : VM QUAN
Làm thế nào hai máy tính truyền
dữ liệu trong Ethernet ?
ETHERNET MAC
UNICAST MAC ADDRESS
ETHERNET MAC
BROADCAST MAC ADDRESS
ETHERNET MAC
MULTICAST MAC ADDRESS

Multicast MAC address is a

Range of IPV4 multicast addresses
special value that begins with
is 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
01-00-5E in hexadecimal
 Learn: Examine Source MAC Address
MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address
Port and Source MAC I don’t have this source
address added 2 1 00-0A
MAC address and the
incoming port in my table
so I will add it.
1 2 3 4

1
1
A B C D
2
MAC MAC MAC MAC
00-0A 00-0B 00-0C 00-0D

Destination MAC Source MAC

Type Data FCS
00-0D 00-0A

MAC addresses are shortened for demonstration purposes.

 Forward: Examine Destination MAC Address
MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address I don’t have this
1 00-0A destination MAC address
Destination MAC in my table so I will send
1
address not in table this unknown unicast out
all ports.
1 2 3 4

1
2
A B C D
2
MAC MAC MAC MAC
00-0A 00-0B 00-0C 00-0D

Destination MAC Source MAC

Type Data FCS
00-0D 00-0A

MAC addresses are shortened for demonstration purposes.

 Learn: Examine Source MAC Address
MAC Address Table I don’t have this source MAC
Port MAC Address address and the incoming
1 00-0A port in my table so I will add
Port and Source MAC
address added 1 4 00-0D it.

1 2 3 4

1
1
A B C D
2
MAC MAC MAC MAC
00-0A 00-0B 00-0C 00-0D
3
Destination MAC Source MAC
Type Data FCS
00-0A 00-0D

MAC addresses are shortened for demonstration purposes.

 Forward: Examine Destination MAC Address
MAC Address Table
I know the destination MAC
Port MAC Address
address so I will only forward
2 1 00-0A the frame out port 1.
4 00-0D

1 2 3 4

1
2
A B C D
2
MAC MAC MAC MAC
00-0A 00-0B 00-0C 00-0D
3
Destination MAC Source MAC
Type Data FCS
00-0A 00-0D

MAC addresses are shortened for demonstration purposes.

 Learn: Examine Source MAC Address
MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address
1 00-0A
4 00-0D

1 2 3 4

1
1 2
A B C D
2
MAC MAC MAC MAC
00-0A 00-0B 00-0C 00-0D

3
Destination MAC Source MAC
Type Data FCS
00-0D 00-0A

MAC addresses are shortened for demonstration purposes.

TÌNH HUỐNG 2
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
Internet

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A B C

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Source MAC

Type Data FCS
00-0B 00-0A
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
Internet
1 00-0A

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A B C

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Source MAC

Type Data FCS
00-0B 00-0A
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
Internet
1 00-0A

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A B C

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Source MAC

Type Data FCS
00-0B 00-0A
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
Internet
1 00-0A

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A B C

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Source MAC

Type Data FCS
00-0B 00-0A
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
Internet
1 00-0A 1 00-0A

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A B C

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Source MAC

Type Data FCS
00-0B 00-0A
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
Internet
1 00-0A 1 00-0A

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A B C

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Source MAC

Type Data FCS
00-0B 00-0A
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
Internet
1 00-0A 1 00-0A

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

A B C
X MAC
00-0D

MAC MAC MAC X

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Source MAC

Type Data FCS
00-0B 00-0A
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
Internet
1 00-0A 1 00-0A

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A B C

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Source MAC

Type Data FCS
00-0A 00-0B
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
Internet
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A B C

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Source MAC

Type Data FCS
00-0A 00-0B
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
Internet
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A B C

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Source MAC

Type Data FCS
00-0A 00-0B
GỬI FRAME TỚI DEFAULT GATEWAY
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B
Internet

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A B C

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Destination IP address on a FCS
00-0D 00-0A remote network
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B
Internet

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A B C

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Destination IP address on a FCS
00-0D 00-0A remote network
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B
Internet

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A B C

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Destination IP address on a FCS
00-0D 00-0A remote network
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B
Internet

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A B
X C

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Destination IP address on a FCS
00-0D 00-0A remote network
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B
Internet

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A B
X C

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Destination IP address on a FCS
00-0D 00-0A remote network
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B
Internet

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A B
X C

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Destination IP address on a FCS
00-0D 00-0A remote network
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B
Internet

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A B
X C
X
MAC MAC MAC
00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Destination IP address on a FCS
00-0D 00-0A remote network
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B
Internet

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A B C

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Source IP address on a remote FCS
00-0A 00-0D network
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B 4 00-0D
Internet

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A B C

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Source IP address on a remote FCS
00-0A 00-0D network
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B 4 00-0D
Internet
4 00-0D

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A B C

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Source IP address on a remote FCS
00-0A 00-0D network
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B 4 00-0D
Internet
4 00-0D

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A B C

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Source IP address on a remote FCS
00-0A 00-0D network
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B 4 00-0D
Internet
4 00-0D

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A B C

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Source IP address on a remote FCS
00-0A 00-0D network
HUBS AND COLLISION DOMAINS

Sending host

Receiving host

36
HUBS AND COLLISION DOMAINS

Collision

Sending host

Receiving host

37
WHERE ARE THE COLLISION DOMAINS?
WHAT WOULD BE THE DUPLEX SETTINGS?
router

hub hub

hub hub hub hub hub hub

38
 Single Collision Domain
WHERE ARE THE COLLISION DOMAINS?
router

hub hub

hub hub hub hub hub hub

39
WHAT WOULD BE THE DUPLEX SETTINGS?
Half-duplex
router

hub hub

hub hub hub hub hub hub

hub

Half-duplex 40
WHERE ARE THE COLLISION DOMAINS?
WHAT WOULD BE THE DUPLEX SETTINGS?
router

switch switch

hub hub hub hub hub hub

41
WHERE ARE THE COLLISION DOMAINS?
WHAT WOULD BE THE DUPLEX SETTINGS?
router

switch switch

hub hub hub hub hub hub

Collision Domains Collision Domains

42
WHAT WOULD BE THE DUPLEX SETTINGS?
Half-duplex
router
Full-duplex
switch switch

hub hub hub hub hub hub

hub

Half-duplex 43
WHERE ARE THE COLLISION DOMAINS?
WHAT WOULD BE THE DUPLEX SETTINGS?
router

switch switch

switch hub hub switch switch switch

44
WHERE ARE THE COLLISION DOMAINS?
router

switch switch

switch hub hub switch switch switch

Collision Domains

45
WHAT WOULD BE THE DUPLEX SETTINGS?
Half-duplex
router
Full-duplex
switch switch

switch hub hub switch switch switch

switch

Full-duplex 46
 ALL SCENARIOS ARE MULTIACCESS
NETWORKS

router

switch switch

switch hub hub switch switch switch

47
 Duplex and Speed Seetings

PC-A

Port 1

Autonegotiation

Duplex Full Full Duplex

Half Half

1000 Mb/s Speed

Speed 100 Mb/s 100 Mb/s

10 Mb/s 10 Mb/s
 Duplex Mismatch

I’m half-duplex so I can

I’m full-duplex so I only send when the link is
can send when ever clear but I am also getting 1
I want. a lot of collisions!

S1 Full-duplex S2
Half-duplex

S2 will continually experience collisions because S1

keeps sending frames any time it has something to send.
 Crossover

Straight-through

AUTO-MDIX
Straight-through

Crossover

 Connections between specific devices, such as switch-to-switch, switch-to-router,

switch-to-host, and router-to-host device, once required the use of a specific cable
types (crossover or straight-through).
 Modern Cisco switches support the mdix auto interface configuration command to
enable the automatic medium-dependent interface crossover (auto-MDIX) feature.

50
ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL (ARP)

The primary purpose of ARP:

1. Resolving IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses
2. Maintaining a cache of mappings

 ARP is used to map known IP addresses to MAC addresses on the local network.
 If the device is on a remote LAN segment, the host will send an ARP request for the MAC
address of the default gateway.

51
 5.3.2.3 - ARP
Operation - ARP
Request
UNDERSTANDING IP COMMUNICATIONS
192.168.10.0/24 A MAC MAC B 192.168.10.0/24
Subnet aa.aa bb.bb Subnet

192.168.10.10 192.168.10.11
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

Destination Address Source Address Type IP FCS

bb.bb aa.aa DA 192.168.10.11

 Devices can only communicate with other devices on the same subnet
 A knows that it is on the 192.168.10.0/24 subnet (AND operation with its IP address and subnet
mask). (Same subnet = Same subnet mask)
 A knows that B (192.168.1.11) is on its same subnet (AND operation with B’s IP address and A’s
subnet mask)
SAME Subnet
A can reach B B 192.168.10.11
A 192.168.10.10 directly without
AND 255.255.255.0 AND 255.255.255.0
going through a --------------------
-------------------- router
192.168.10.0 192.168.10.0
UNDERSTANDING IP COMMUNICATIONS
192.168.10.0/24 A MAC MAC C 192.168.20.0/24
Subnet aa.aa cc.cc Subnet

192.168.10.10 192.168.20.12
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

Destination Address Source Address Type IP FCS

DA 192.168.20.12

 Devices can only communicate with other devices on the same subnet
 A knows that it is on the 192.168.10.0/24 subnet (AND operation with its IP address and subnet mask)
(Same subnet = Same subnet mask)
 A knows that C (192.168.20.12) is on a different subnet (AND operation with B’s IP address and A’s
subnet mask) – Can’t get there directly!

DIFFERENT Subnets B 192.168.20.12

A 192.168.10.10
A can NOT reach B AND 255.255.255.0
AND 255.255.255.0
directly. Must go --------------------
--------------------
through a router 192.168.20.0
192.168.10.0
 192.168.10.0/24 192.168.20.0/24
Subnet Subnet

A MAC MAC MAC MAC C

aa.aa 11.11 22.22 cc.cc
192.168.10.10 192.168.10.1 192.168.20.1 192.168.20.12
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

Destination Address Source Address Type IP FCS

11.11 aa.aa DA 192.168.20.12

Destination Address Source Address Type IP FCS

cc.cc 22.22 DA 192.168.20.12
 A sends packet to devices in a DIFFERENT subnet directly to a router which is on the same subnet
as A.
 The router will take care of it from there.

192.168.10.10 DIFFERENT Subnets 192.168.20.11

AND 255.255.255.0 A can NOT reach B AND 255.255.255.0
-------------------- directly. Must go --------------------
192.168.10.0 through a router 192.168.20.0
UNDERSTANDING IP COMMUNICATIONS
A B

192.168.10.10 192.168.10.11
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

A C

192.168.10.10 192.168.20.12
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

A C

192.168.10.10 192.168.10.1 192.168.20.1 192.168.20.12

255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0
 Devices can only communicate with other devices on the same subnet
 Otherwise, they must go through a router, that is on its same subnet
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B

A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
MAC 00-0D

Internet
R1

Ethernet Header IP Packet

Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B
PC-A’s ARP Cache
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
MAC 00-0D

Internet
R1

Ethernet Header IP Packet

Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B
PC-A’s ARP Cache
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
MAC 00-0D

Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Request
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
FF-FF 00-0A 192.168.1.50 ???
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B
PC-A’s ARP Cache
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
MAC 00-0D

Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Request
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
FF-FF 00-0A 192.168.1.50 ???
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B The target IPv4 is not me.
PC-A’s ARP Cache
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
MAC 00-0D

Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Request
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
FF-FF 00-0A 192.168.1.50 ???
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B
PC-A’s ARP Cache
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
MAC 00-0D

The target IPv4 is not me. Internet

R1
Ethernet Header ARP Request
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
FF-FF 00-0A 192.168.1.50 ???
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B
PC-A’s ARP Cache The target IPv4 is me!
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
MAC 00-0D

Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Request
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
FF-FF 00-0A 192.168.1.50 ???
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 5.3.2.4 - ARP
Operation - ARP
Reply
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B
PC-A’s ARP Cache The target IPv4 is me!
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
MAC 00-0D

Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Request
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
FF-FF 00-0A 192.168.1.50 ???
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 192.168.1.120
Here is my MAC
B MAC 00-0B address for the IPv4
PC-A’s ARP Cache address you were
IPv4 Address MAC Address looking for!

A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
MAC 00-0D

Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Reply
Destination MAC Source MAC Sender IPv4 Sender MAC
00-0A 00-0C 192.168.1.50 00-0C
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 192.168.1.120
Here is my MAC
B MAC 00-0B address for the IPv4
PC-A’s ARP Cache address you were
IPv4 Address MAC Address looking for!

A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
MAC 00-0D

Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Reply
Destination MAC Source MAC Sender IPv4 Sender MAC
00-0A 00-0C 192.168.1.50 00-0C
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B
PC-A’s ARP Cache
IPv4 Address MAC Address
192.168.1.50 00-0C
A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
MAC 00-0D

Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Reply
Destination MAC Source MAC Sender IPv4 Sender MAC
00-0A 00-0C 192.168.1.50 00-0C
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B
PC-A’s ARP Cache
IPv4 Address MAC Address
192.168.1.50 00-0C

A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
MAC 00-0D

Internet
R1

Ethernet Header IP Packet

Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B
PC-A’s ARP Cache
IPv4 Address MAC Address
192.168.1.50 00-0C

A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
MAC 00-0D

Internet
R1

Ethernet Header IP Packet

Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
00-0C 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
5.3.2.5 - ARP Role
in Remote
Communication
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B

A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0D

Internet
R1

Ethernet Header IP Packet

Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B
PC-A’s ARP Cache
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0D

Internet
R1

Ethernet Header IP Packet

Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B
PC-A’s ARP Cache
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0D

Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Request
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
FF-FF 00-0A 192.168.1.1 ???
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B
PC-A’s ARP Cache
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0D

Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Request
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
FF-FF 00-0A 192.168.1.1 ???
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 The target IPv4 is not me.

192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B
PC-A’s ARP Cache
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0D

Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Request
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
FF-FF 00-0A 192.168.1.1 ???
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B
PC-A’s ARP Cache
IPv4 Address MAC Address The target IPv4 is not me.

A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0D

Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Request
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
FF-FF 00-0A 192.168.1.1 ???
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B
PC-A’s ARP Cache
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.110 The target IPv4 is

192.168.1.50
for me! MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0D

Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Request
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
FF-FF 00-0A 192.168.1.1 ???
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B
PC-A’s ARP Cache
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
Here is myDefault
MAC Gateway:
address for192.168.1.1
the MAC 00-0D
IPv4 address you were looking
for! Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Reply
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
00-0A 00-0D 192.168.1.1 00-0D
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B
PC-A’s ARP Cache
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0D

Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Reply
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
00-0A 00-0D 192.168.1.1 00-0D
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B
PC-A’s ARP Cache
IPv4 Address MAC Address
192.168.1.1 00-0D

A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0D

Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Reply
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
00-00A 00-0D 192.168.1.1 00-0D
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B
PC-A’s ARP Cache
IPv4 Address MAC Address
192.168.1.1 00-0D

A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0D

Internet
R1

Ethernet Header IP Packet

Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B
PC-A’s ARP Cache
IPv4 Address MAC Address
192.168.1.1 00-0D

A C

192.168.1.50
192.168.1.110
MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0D

Internet
R1

Ethernet Header IP Packet

Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
00-0D 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 Removing MAC-to-IP Address Mappings

192.168.1.120
I will remove this ARP entry if I MAC 00-0B
have not used it in 2 minutes.

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A MAC 00-0C
192.168.1.1
PC-A’s ARP Cache MAC 00-0D
IPv4 Address MAC Address
192.168.1.1 00-0D

MAC addresses are shortened for demonstration purposes.

 All Devices Powered On at the Same Time

ARP Request: I need the MAC 192.168.1.120

I will send an ARP reply and
address of default gateway, MAC 00-0B
pretend to be the default gateway!
192.168.1.1

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A MAC 00-0C
192.168.1.1
MAC 00-0D

MAC addresses are shortened for demonstration purposes.

ARP ISSUES
HOW ARP CAN CREATE PROBLEMS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2MBnX9-KlVU
VIEWING AND CLEARING THE ARP TABLE
 To view the local ARP table in Windows DOS: arp –a
 To clear the local ARP table in Windows DOS: arp –d

 On a Cisco router, use the show ip arp

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