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The Cost of Capital
The Cost of Capital
THE COST OF
CAPITAL
© 2000 South-Western College Publishing
COST OF CAPITAL
TM 11-1 Slide 1 of 2
CAPITAL STRUCTURE
The mix of capital components in use
Component $000 %
RELATED CONCEPTS
The Target Capital Structure
Raising Money in the Proportions of the Capital Structure
TM 11-1 Slide 2 of 2
THE WEIGHTED AVERAGE CALCULATION
- THE WACC
A firm's overall cost of capital is the average of the costs of its separate
sources weighted by the proportion of each source used
Example of Calculation
Capital
Component Value Weight Cost
Debt $60,000 .30 x 9% = 2.70%
Preferred Stock $50,000 .25 x 11% = 2.75%
Common Stock $90,000 .45 x 14% = 6.30%
$200,000 1.00 WACC = 11.75%
TM 11-2
CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND COST - BOOK
VS MARKET VALUES
A Source of Confusion:
Both capital structure and component costs can be viewed in terms of either the book or
market values of the underlying capital
1. CAPITAL STRUCTURE
Initial Capital Structure - Book and Market Values Equal
$ %
Equity 10,000 shrs x $10 = $100,000 50%
Debt 100 bonds x $1,000 = $100,000 50%
Total $200,000 100%
Now imagine that stock price increases to $12, while interest rates climb driving
the price of the bonds down to $850
-Book Values Don't Change-
TM 11-3 Slide 1 of 3
Market-Value-Based Capital Structure
$ %
Equity 10,000 shrs x $12 = $120,000 58.5%
Debt 100 bonds x $850 = $ 85,000 41.5%
Total $205,000 100.0%
2. COMPONENT RETURNS
• Every security has a return on the money initially invested to buy it and a
current return that's available to new investors in the secondary market.
• For example, a bond pays its coupon rate on the original investment of its
face value and the market yield to a new buyer.
TM 11-3 Slide 2 of 3
3. THE APPROPRIATE PERSPECTIVE FOR THE WACC
CALCULATION
Book Values - Existing Capital - Already Committed
Market Values - New Capital - Next Year's Projects
IRR and NPV Evaluate Newly Proposed Projects
Therefore, Market Values Are Appropriate
TM 11-3 Slide 3 of 3
CALCULATING THE WACC
Three Steps
1. Develop a market value based capital structure.
3. Calculate WACC.
TM 11-4
STEP ONE:
DEVELOPING MARKET VALUE BASED CAPITAL STRUCTURES
EXAMPLE 11-2
Debt: Two thousand bonds were issued five years ago at a coupon rate of 12%.
They had thirty year terms and $1,000 face values. They are now selling to yield
10%.
Equity: 200,000 shares of common stock are outstanding currently selling at $15
per share.
TM 11-5 Slide 1 of 3
SOLUTION:
Debt:
Pb = PMT[PVFAk,n] + FV[PVFk,n]
= $60[PVFA5,50] + $1,000[PVF5,50]
= $60(18.2559) + $1,000(.0872)
= $1,182.55
Market Value = $1,182.55 x 2,000 = $2,365,100
Preferred Stock:
Dp $7.50
Pp $57.69
k .13
Market Value = $57.69 x 4,000 = $230,760
TM 11-5 Slide 2 of 3
Common Equity:
Market Value = $15.00 x 200,000 = $3,000,000
TM 11-5 Slide 3 of 3
STEP TWO:
CALCULATING COMPONENT COSTS OF CAPITAL
TM 11-6
ILLUSTRATIONS
DEBT: Cost of debt = kd (1 - T)
EXAMPLE 11-3
Blackstone Inc. has bonds outstanding which yield 8% to investors buying them
now. The marginal tax rate is 37%
SOLUTION: Cost of debt = kd (1 - T)
= .08 (1-.37)
= 5.4%
PREFERRED STOCK: Cost of
Preferred Dp kp
Stock
(1 f )Pp (1 f )
EXAMPLE 11-4
Francis Corporation's preferred stock yields new investors 9%. Flotation costs are
11%.
SOLUTION: Cost of
Preferred kp 9%
Stock 10.1%
(1 f ) 1 .11
TM 11-7
COMMON EQUITY - RETAINED EARNINGS:
No Adjustments:
Internally Generated and Not Tax Deductible
D0 ( 1 g )
ke g
The Risk Premium Approach P0
ke = kd + rpe
TM 11-8 Slide 1 of 2
COMMON EQUITY - NEW STOCK:
Cost of New Equity D0 ( 1 g )
ke g
(1 f )P0
EXAMPLE 11-8
Periwinkle Inc.'s last annual dividend was $1.65, its stock sells for $33.60, and
it is expected to grow at 7.5%.
SOLUTION:
Cost of
new
$1.65(1.075 )
Equity .075 13.5%
(.88 )$33.60
TM 11-8 Slide 2 of 2
THE MARGINAL COST OF CAPITAL (MCC)
A graph showing how the WACC changes as a firm raises more capital during a
planning period, usually a year
WACC
Total
Capital
Raised
The MCC breaks upward when the cost of a capital component increases. The first
break usually occurs when retained earnings runs out and outside equity is raised at
higher cost.
TM 11-9
ILLUSTRATION OF MCC CONSTRUCTION
Capital Capital
Structure Component
Weights Cost
With equity from RE
Debt .4 x 8% = 3.2%
Equity .6 x 10% = 6.0%
WACC = 9.2%
If expected RE = $3M and the capital structure is 60% equity, the first break in the
WACC occurs at $3M / .60 = $5M
TM 11-10 Slide 1 of 2
WACC
10.4%
WACC
9.2%
$5M $10M
TM 11-10 Slide 2 of 2
COMBINING THE MCC AND THE INVESTMENT
OPPORTUNITY SCHEDULE (IOS)
WACC
Project
IOS IRRs
A MCC
WACC=10.4% B
C
9.2%
D
E
$5M $10M
TM 11-11