Chapter-7

Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (6marks)

Photogrammetry

• Is the branch of surveying in which information and measurements are obtained

by the means of photographs.
• The photographs are taken either from air or ground station with a camera having
measuring axis.
• It is modern method of surveying
• It is faster than conventional method of surveying and are generally used if area is
large.
• In this method, objects are measured without being touched (Remote sensing).
Branch of photogrammetry

1. Aerial photogrammetry: Photographs are

taken by a camera fixed in an aircraft.
2. Terrestrial photogrammetry: Photographs
are taken by a camera fixed or near ground
surface or earth surface.
3. Space photogrammetry: Photographs are
taken by a camera fixed in space.
 Aerial photograph
1. Vertical photograph: Photo taken during which
optical axis of camera is vertically down,
however due to unavoidable aircraft motion,
optical axis may be tilted upto 5° maximum
and 1 ° minimum.
2. Oblique photograph: Photo taken during
which optical axis of camera is intentionally
tilted.
Tilt upto 20 ° is low oblique photograph.
Tilt between 50 ° to 60 ° is high oblique
photograph.
3. Tilted photograph: Photo taken during which
optical axis of camera is
unintentionally tilted.
Basic Terms in Photogrammetry

1. Exposure station: Position of camera at

any instant of exposure.
2. Flying height(H): Elevation of exposure
station from datum.
3. Tilt(t): Angle between plumb line(gravity
line) and optical axis.
4. Principle point(p): The point where
camera axis intersects the picture plate.
5. Focal length: It is the perpendicular
distance from the center of camera lens
to the picture plate.
Relief displacement
 Advantages and disadvantages of photogrammetry
Uses Disadvantages
1. In the preparation of topographic map 1. Weather dependent.
and cadastral map of large area. 2. Heavy and sophisticated equipments
2. In land survey, archeological survey. needed.
3. In designing and planning of engineering 3. Complex system, highly trained human
projects. resource needed.
4. In traffic management and traffic 4. Very costly at the time of installation.
accident investigation. 5. Lengthy administrative procedure for
5. In studying and solving a problem getting permission to fly.
caused due to natural hazards.
Advantages
6. Covers large area.
7. Less time consuming(Fast)
8. Can reach accessible and restricted area.
9. Easy to interpret, understand.
10. Cost effective for large area and long
run.
Types of Remote Sensing
Application of remote sensing
• Application for environmental analysis
Global warming and ozone layer depletion can be monitored.
Oceanographic studies and snow cover studies can be done.
• Mineral exploration: Non renewable energy resources such as fossil fuel can be
identified using remote sensing.
• Land use and cover analysis
Land cover through vegetation and specific crop areas can be studied.
Forest cover and depletion of forest areas has been identified using remote
sensing.
• Disaster management
Earthquake hazard can be predicted by detecting unusual movements in the
earth crust.
Floods, landslides, forest fire etc can be detected on time and appropriate
rescue operations can be taken .
Application continue…

• Archeological studies: Underlying old antiquities and settlements can be

recognized from remote sensing data.
• Geomorphology: Geological studies can provide valuable data on faults, tectonic
movements, rock type identification from remote sensing data.
• Topography: To accurately locate the points with reference to the ground
coordinate systems when ground surveys are difficult or time consuming.
• Other application: Remote sensing data can be used to study troop movements
for defense purposes, urban planning studies, traffic flow studies, etc.
• All matters are composed of atoms and molecules with a particular compositions.
• Matter will emit or absorb EMR for particular wavelength.
• EMR through the atmosphere to and from the matters on the earth surface are
reflected, absorbed and transmitted in a unique way.
• When EMR is incident on any given earth’s surface features, we can state the
interrelationship between energy by applying principle of conservation of energy i.e,
Incident energy=Reflected energy + absorbed energy + transmited energy
All the energy components are a function of wavelengths.
The above equation is an energy balance equation expressing the interrelationship
among the mechanics of reflection, absorption and transmission.
Two points concerning the relationship noted be noted.
First, the propagation of energy reflected, absorbed and transmitted will vary from
different earth surface features depending on their material types and conditions.
These differences permit us to distinguish different features.
Secondly, the wavelength dependency means, even within a given feature type, the
propagation of reflected, absorbed and transmitted energy will vary at different
wavelength.