Complex Numbers

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Warm Up

Simplify each expression.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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Warm Up

Simplify each expression.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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Standards for Mathematical Content

N.CN.1
Know there is a complex number such that , and every
complex number has the form with and real.
N.CN.2
Use the relation and the commutative, associative, and
distributive properties to add, subtract, and multiply complex
numbers.

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Standards for Mathematical Practice

MP3
Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

MP7
Look for and make use of structure.

MP8
Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

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Lesson Goals

• Perform operations with pure imaginary numbers.

• Perform operations with complex numbers.

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Learn
Pure Imaginary Numbers

In your math studies so far, you have worked with real

numbers. However, some equations such as
do not have real solutions. This led mathematicians to define
imaginary numbers. The imaginary unit is the principal
square root of . Thus, and

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Learn
Pure Imaginary Numbers

Numbers of the form , , and are called pure imaginary numbers.

A pure imaginary number is a number of the form , where is a real
number and . For any positive real number or .
The Commutative and Associative Properties of Multiplication hold
true for pure imaginary numbers. The first few powers of are shown.

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Example 1
Square Roots of Negative Numbers

Simplify .

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Example 1
Square Roots of Negative Numbers

Factor the radicand.

Factor out the imaginary unit.
Simplify.

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Example 1
Square Roots of Negative Numbers

Check
Simplify .
A.
B.
C.
D.

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Example 1
Square Roots of Negative Numbers

Check
Simplify . C
A.
B.
C.
D.

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Example 2
Products of Pure Imaginary Numbers

Simplify

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Example 2
Products of Pure Imaginary Numbers

Multiply.
Simplify.
Multiply.

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Example 2
Products of Pure Imaginary Numbers

Talk About It!

How can an expression with two imaginary
expressions, have a product that is real?

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Example 2
Products of Pure Imaginary Numbers

Check
Simplify

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Example 2
Products of Pure Imaginary Numbers

Check
Simplify
−20

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Example 3
Equation with Pure Imaginary Solutions

Simplify

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Example 3
Equation with Pure Imaginary Solutions

Original equation
Subtract from each side.
Take the square root of each side.
Simplify.

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Example 3
Equation with Pure Imaginary Solutions

Check
Solve

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Example 3
Equation with Pure Imaginary Solutions

Check
Solve
,

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Learn
Complex Numbers

Key Concept: Complex Numbers

A complex number is any number that can be written
in the form , where and are real numbers and is the
imaginary unit. is called the real part, and is called the
imaginary part.

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Learn
Complex Numbers

The Venn diagram shows the set of complex numbers.

Notice that all of the real numbers are part of the set of
complex numbers.

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Learn
Complex Numbers

Two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real

parts are equal and their imaginary parts are equal. The
Commutative and Associative Properties of Multiplication
and Addition and the Distributive Property hold true for
complex numbers. To add or subtract complex numbers,
combine like terms. That is, combine the real parts, and
combine the imaginary parts.

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Learn
Complex Numbers

Two complex numbers of the form and are called

complex conjugates. The product of complex
conjugates is always a real number.
A radical expression is in simplest form if no radicands
contain fractions and no radicals appear in the
denominator of a fraction. Similarly, a complex number is
in simplest form if no imaginary numbers appear in the
denominator of a fraction. You can use complex
conjugates to simplify a fraction with a complex number
in the denominator. This process is called rationalizing
the denominator.
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Learn
Complex Numbers

Think About It!

Compare and contrast the subsets of the complex
number system using the Venn diagram.

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Example 4
Equate Complex Numbers

Find the values of and that make true.

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Example 4
Equate Complex Numbers

Use equations relating the real and imaginary parts to

solve for and .

Real parts
Add 7 to each side.
Divide each side by 5.

Imaginary parts
Subtract 4 from each side.

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Example 4
Equate Complex Numbers

Check
Find the values of and that make
true.

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Example 4
Equate Complex Numbers

Check
Find the values of and that make
true.

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Example 5
Add or Subtract Complex Numbers

Simplify
Commutative and
Associative Properties
Simplify.

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Example 5
Add or Subtract Complex Numbers

Check
Simplify

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Example 5
Add or Subtract Complex Numbers

Check
Simplify
−2 −3

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Example 6
Multiply Complex Numbers

ELECTRICITY The voltage of an AC circuit can be

found using the formula , where is current and is
impedance. If amps and ohms, determine the
voltage.

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Example 6
Multiply Complex Numbers

Voltage Formula
and
FOIL Method
Multiply.

Add.

The voltage is volts.

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Example 7
Divide Complex Numbers

Simplify

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Example 7
Divide Complex Numbers

Rationalize the denominator to simplify the fraction.

and are complex conjugates.
= Multiply the numerator and denominator.

Simplify.
form

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Example 7
Divide Complex Numbers

Check
Simplify

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Example 7
Divide Complex Numbers

Check
Simplify
or

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Exit Ticket

Simplify.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

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Exit Ticket

Simplify.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

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