Arithmetic Operations

Arithmetic Instructions Groups

 Arithmetic flags
• The 8051 has four arithmetic flags: the carry
(C), auxiliary carry (AC), overflow (OV), and
parity (P).
• Not all instructions affect arithmetic flags.
Instructions Affecting Flags
Incrementing and Decrementing
No math flags (C, AC, OV) are affected
 Notes
• No math flags are affected.
• Increment and decrement instructions that
operate on a port direct address alter the latch
for that port.
• DPTR is 16 bits; DPTR overflows from FFFFh to
0000h.
• The 8-bit address contents underflow from 00h
to FFh.
• There is no DEC DPTR to match the INC DPTR.
Examples
 Addition
• C flag is set to 1 if there is a carry out of bit position 7.
• AC flag is set to 1 if there is a carry out of bit position
3.
• OV flag is set to 1 if there is a carry out of bit position
7, but not bit position 6 or if there is a carry out of bit
position 6 but not bit position 7, which may be
expressed as the logical operation OV = C7 XOR
C6
• All addition is done with A reg as a destination.
 Unsigned and Signed Addition
• Unsigned or signed numbers are considered
by the programmer.
• Unsigned byte 0-> FFh.
• Signed byte MSB = 0 -> +ve number.
00 -> 127 00 -> 7Fh
• Signed byte MSB =1 -> -ve number (2’s comp)
-1 -> -128 FFh ->80h
• Only C flag are used in unsigned addition and
subtraction
• Adding or subtracting unsigned numbers may generate
a carry flag when the sum exceeds FFh or a borrow
flag when the minuend is less than the subtrahend.
• The OV flag is not used for unsigned addition and
subtraction.
• Adding or subtracting signed numbers can lead to
carries and borrows in a similar manner, and to
overflow conditions due to the actions of the sign bits.
Unsigned Addition Example
 Signed Addition
• Adding unlike signed numbers results to
always correct answer.
• If OV flag is set when adding liked signed
numbers complement the sign bit and take
into account that the sum exceeds the largest
positive or negative number.
Example of adding two liked sign numbers
 Multiple-Byte Arithmetic
• ADDC is normally used to add a carry after the
LSB addition in a multi-byte process.
• ADD is normally used for the LSB addition.
 Subtraction
• SUBB (subtract with borrow) is used for
subtraction.
• A is always the destination
• SUBB A, source ; A = A - source – C subtraction
• Remember to clear C flag before subtracting
the 1st byte in multi-byte subtraction.
 Unsigned and Signed Subtraction
• C flag is now thought of as a borrow flag to
account for situations when a larger number is
subtracted from a smaller number.
• OV flag indicates results that must be adjusted
whenever two numbers of unlike signs are
subtracted and the result exceeds the planned
signed magnitudes.
 Unsigned Subtraction
• If C = 0 the result is true
• If C = 1 the source is larger than A and the
result is in 2’s complement form.
 Signed Subtraction
• Subtraction of liked signed numbers results to
always correct answer.
• If OV flag is set when subtracting unlike signed
numbers complement the sign bit and take
into account that the sum exceeds the largest
positive or negative number.
 Multiplication and Division
• Multiplication and division treat the numbers
in registers A and B as unsigned.
• MUL AB ;Multiply A by B - put the low-order
byte of the product in A, put the high-order
byte in B.
• OV flag will be set if A x B > FFh.
• In the following, there is an error in lines 3&4
 The correction
• mov a,#7bh ; A =7Bh
mov b,#2 ; B = 02h
mul ab ; B = 00h and A = F6h; OV =0
mov b,#0feh ; B = FEh
mul ab ; A = 14h and B = F4h; OV =1
 Division
• DIV AB ; Divide A by B, put the integer part of
quotient in register A and the integer part of
the remainder in B.
• The OV flag is cleared to 0 unless B holds 00h
before the DIV. Then the OV flag is set to 1 to
show division by 0.
 Decimal Arithmetic
• DA A ; Adjust the sum of two packed BCD
numbers found in A register; leave the
adjusted number in A.
• C is set if the adjustment exceeded 99 BCD.