Theoretical

Models /
Approaches
Instructions for use

A. Health Belief Model

B. Nola Pender’s Health Promotion
C. Milio’s Framework for Prevention
D. Lawrence Green’s PRECEDE-PROCEED
Model

2
A. Health Belief Model
Use to predict behavior of erson in terms of health
B. Nola Pender’s Health Promotion
Health promotion is doing something to maintain health and
prevent disease
C. Milio’s Framework for Prevention
Behavioral pattern of the population is the
result of habitual selection from limited
resources, and not lack of knowledge
D. Lawrence Green’s PRECEDE-
PROCEED Model
PROCEDE PLANNING
Predisposing • Social assessment
Reinforcing • Epidemiological assessment
Enabling • Ecological assessment
Constructs in • Identify administrative and policy
Educational factors
Diagnosis and • Implementation of interventions
Evaluation
D. Lawrence Green’s PRECEDE-
PROCEED Model
PROCEED IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION
Policy • Implementation
Regulatory and • Process evaluation
Organization • I pact evaluation
Constructs in • Outcome evaluation
Educational
Environment and
Development
“ END OF
PRESENTATION

8
 COMMUNITY
ORGANIZING
PARTICIAPATORY
ACTION
RESEARCH
(COPAR)
CONTENTS

I. Definition of COPAR
II. Principles of Community Organizing
III. Guiding Principles of Community Organizing
IV. COPAR Process
 I.
DEFINITION OF
COPAR
I. Definition of COPAR
• Community Organizing Participatory Action Research
• Process by which people, services, and agencies of the community
work together to learn about problems, conceive these problems as
their own and be able to work out plans and solutions for such
community problems.

Educating
Organizing
Mobilizing
I. Definition of COPAR
• Goals of Community Organizing
 Popular Democracy
 People’s Empowerment
 Building Alliances
 Improved quality of life/standards of Living
 Building relatively permanent Structures and people’s
organizations
 II.
PRINCIPLES OF
COMMUNITY
ORGANIZING
II. Principles of Community Organizing
A. Principle of Felt Needs
B. Principle of Leadership
C. Principle of Participation
D. Principle of Communication
E. Principle of Structure
F. Principle of Evaluation
 III.
GUIDING
PRINCIPLES OF
COMMUNITY
ORGANIZING
II. Guiding Principles of Community
Organizing
 Go to the people
 Live among them
 Learn from them
 Serve them
 Plan with them
 Start with what they have
 Built on what they have 
 Not piecemeal but integrated
approach
 Not showcase but pattern
 Not relief but release
 Mass education through mass
participation
Learn by doing
 Teach by showing
II. Guiding Principles of Community
Organizing
A. Models/Approaches in Community Organizing
(Jack Rothman)
1. Locality Development or Community
Development
2. Social Planning
3. Social Action
II. Guiding Principles of Community
Organizing
B. Participatory Research
 An investigation on problems and issues concerning
the life and environment of the underprivileged in
society by way of a research collaboration with the
underprivileged, whose representatives participate
in the research process as equal partners…that is,
as researchers themselves, rather than outsiders
doing research upon them or upon their problems.
II. Guiding Principles of Community
Organizing
B. Participatory Research
 Conceived as an innovation over the traditional
research approach. Unlike PR, traditional research
considers people as objects of research rather than
active collaborators of change and development.
Whereas, the traditional research caters only to the
interest of the academes and development
agencies, veers away from dependence of the
outside researchers.
II. Guiding Principles of Community
Organizing
B. Participatory Research
Objectives of Participatory Research
 PR addresses itself to the marginalized
communities or sectors
 PR, by its commitment to the underprivileged, aims
to encouraged consciousness of their sufferings
and develops competence for changing their
situation.
 PR has an educational aspect.
II. Guiding Principles of Community
Organizing
B. Participatory Research
Traditional Research vs Participatory Research
Issue Traditional Research Participatory Research
Problem Done by the outside Involves the community or group
identification researcher experiencing the problem
Method of Quantitative methods Determined by local culture and
data gathering innovativeness; no standard
design
Use of result Publication, books, journals, Results are within full control of
reports, seminars, and the people
conferences
 IV.
COPAR
PROCESS
IV. COPAR Process
A. Pre-Entry Phase
B. Entry/Integration
C. Formation Phase
D. Organization Building Phase
E. Sustenance and Strengthening Phase
IV. COPAR Process
A. Pre-Entry Phase
 Train faculty and students in COPAR
 Formulate plan for institutionalizing COPAR
 Revise/enrich curriculum and immersion program
 Coordinate participants of other departments
 Formulate criteria and guidelines for site selection
 Do initial networking with local government
 Conduct preliminary social investigation
 Make long list/short list of potential communities
IV. COPAR Process
A. Pre-Entry Phase
 Interview barangay officials, leaders, and key informants
 Choose sites/community for the immersion program
 Coordinate with local government/NGOs for assistance –
start of social investigation
 Develop community profiles for secondary data
 Develop survey tools
 Pay courtesy call to community leaders
 Choose foster families based on guidelines
IV. COPAR Process
A. Pre-Entry Phase
Criteria for Site Selection
 It must have a population of 100-200 families
 The area is relatively socio-economically depressed
 It must have a relative concentration of poor people
 There is no strong resistance from the community
 There must be no serious peace and order problem
 There must be no similar group or organization holding the
same program
IV. COPAR Process
A. Pre-Entry Phase
Methodology-Site Selection
 Inquire and coordinate with the local officials, representatives
and/or extension workers of government and private agencies
 Conduct ocular observation in the area noting accessibility,
geography of the area, etc.
 Conduct informal interviews with residence and other key persons
 Collect data from secondary sources like agency reports,
development plans, and diaries or logbooks of extension workers
 Assess whether organizing efforts are needed in the area
IV. COPAR Process
B. Entry / Integration
 Arrival in the community
 Integrate with community residents
 Conduct deepening social investigation
 Disseminate information/sensitize community residents on
COPAR
 Conduct community assembly
 Formulate criteria for selection of potential leaders and
core group members
 Spot potential leaders and core group members
IV. COPAR Process
B. Entry / Integration
Guidelines for Entry
 Recognize the role and position of local authority by paying
them a visit and informing them of your presence and
objectives.
 Adapt a lifestyle in your personal appearance, speech, and
behavior in keeping with that of the community
 Choose a modest dwelling which is open to the majority of
the poor
 Avoid raising expectations by adopting a low-key approach
and profile.
IV. COPAR Process
B. Entry / Integration
Guidelines for Integration
 Participate in the direct production activities of the people
such as planting or harvesting rice, fishing.
 Conduct house to house visits
 Seek out and converse with people where they usually
congregate
 Lend a hand in the household chores like cooking food,
dishwashing, fetching water, housekeeping, and even
babysitting
 Avoid gambling and too much drinking
IV. COPAR Process
B. Entry / Integration
Criteria for Spotting Potential Leaders
 Belongs to the poor sectors and classes and is directly
engaged in production
 Well-respected by members of the community and has
relatively wide influence
 Desirous for change and is willing to work for change
 Can find time; conscientious and resourceful in his work
 Must be able to communicate effectively
IV. COPAR Process
B. Entry / Integration
Leader Spotting Through Sociogram
 Key person (KP) – the star of the sociogram; the person
who is approachable by most people
 Opinion leader (OP) – the person who is approached by the
key person and is therefore, the person behind the key
person’s opinions and ideas
 Isolates – person who is never or hardly approached
IV. COPAR Process
C. Formation Phase
 Form the core group
 Define the roles and functions of the core group
 Conduct team building of core group members
 Informal education of core group members
 Conduct self-awareness and leadership training among
leaders
 Consult community to organize
 Train community researchers
IV. COPAR Process
C. Formation Phase
Core Group Formation
 Serves as training ground for democratic And Collective
Leadership
 Helps The Organizers Gather Data For Deeper Community
Studies, Spotting Other Potential Leaders And Prospective
Members For A Community-Wide Organization.
 Helps In Laying Out Plans And Tasks For The Formation
And Maintenance Of A Community-Wide Organization With
Working Committees and officers to ensure democratic and
collective leadership
IV. COPAR Process
C. Formation Phase
Qualifications of Community Researchers
 Preferably, can read and write
 Can give time for training and actual research
 Can empathize with the people because he/she also owns
the problem
 Willing to go around the community, literally to hike
 Has skill in getting information without hurting the one
being asked/questioned
 Trusted by the community; credible
IV. COPAR Process
D. Organization Building Phase
 Elect CHO officers
 Organize/Train community health workers and second-
liners
 Conduct PAR
 Consolidate community diagnosis and PAR results
 Formulate community health plan
 Organize working committees
 Link with LGUs/NGOs for financial and technical assistance
 Implement/Monitor/Evaluate health projects
IV. COPAR Process
D. Organization Building Phase
 Program Planning

 Program Development and Implementation

 Program Evaluation
IV. COPAR Process
D. Sustenance Phase
 Develop financial and management systems
 Assess/Re-plan community health programs
 Institutionalize linkages/networks/referral points
 Hold continuing needs-based education/training of
leaders/community health workers by Local Government
Units
 Formulate/Ratify Constitution and By-laws
 Apply for S.E.C. registration/LGU Accreditation
 Negotiate for absorption of community health workers by
LGU
 Work towards affiliations/federations with core groups
 END OF
PRESENTATIO
N
 COMMUNITY
HEALTH NURSING
PROCESS
CONTENTS

I. Community Assessment
II. Community Diagnosis
III. Planning
IV. Implementation
V. Evaluation
 I.
Community
Assessment
I. Community Assessment
A. Collection
1. Registration 3. Self -Reporting
a. Primary source a. Closed-ended
b. Secondary source b. Open-ended

2. Observation
a. Biophysical measurement
b. Physical
c. Activities
d. Self -Reporting
I. Community Assessment
A. Collection
4. Interview
a. Directive
b. Non-directive
c. Semi-structured/Semi-standardized
I. Community Assessment
A. Collection
Planning Interview:
a. Time
b. Place
c. Seating arrangement
d. Distance
Personal 2-3 feet, Interview
Social 8-32 feet, Social/events communications
Public Health teachings (with large audience)
e. Language
I. Community Assessment
A. Collection

Stages of Interview:
a. opening
Step 1: Establish rapport
Step 2: orientation

b. Body

c. Closing
I. Community Assessment
B. Treatment of Data
1. Frequency and percentage distribution
2. Measure of central tendency Series:
10 11 12 10 11 12 12 13 14 10
a. Mean
Mean:
b. median = Total/occurrence
= 105 / 10 = 10.5
c. Mode Median:
= Arrange smallest to lowest, then get middle value
3. Measure of variability = 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 13 14
= 11+12 = 23 /2 = 11.5
a. Range
Mode:
b. Standard deviation = Most number of occurrence
= (10 = 3), (11 = 2), ( 12 = 3), (13 = 1), (14 = 1)
= 10 and 12 (bimodal)
I. Community Assessment
C. Presentation of Data
1. Table
Essential parts of a statistical
table:
 Table Number
 Table Title
 Column Headings
 Row Headings or Stubs
 Cells
 Footnotes
 Source of Data
I. Community Assessment
C. Presentation of Data
1. Table
Pointers in the construction of tables:
• Positioning of the table
• Uniformity of style
• Number and types of variables presented
• Every table should be self-explanatory.
• The narrative should not merely repeat in words
what the table presents in numbers interpret
I. Community Assessment
C. Presentation of Data
2. Graph
Types of graph
I. Community Assessment
C. Presentation of Data
2. Graph
Pointers in the construction of graphs:
• Every graph should be self-explanatory
• The scales should be properly labeled
• Trend lines and curves in the chart should be properly identified by labels/a legend
• Grids or guide rulings maybe used in a graph to guide the eye
• A graph should be neat, simple and faithful to the basic data presented
• The basis of classification is generally represented on the horizontal scale while
frequencies are placed along the vertical
• The vertical scale should always start with zero
• The use of color for emphasis or to difference between items I n a diagram can be
resorted to and would add appeal to the presentation
• On an arithmetic scale, equal distances between tick marks on an axis should equal
numerical units
I. Community Assessment
C. Presentation of Data
1. Narratives

 Interpretation
 Analysis (can used related literature)
 Implication
 Recommendation
 II.
Community
Diagnosis
II. Community Diagnosis
A. Definition
• Is a quantitative and qualitative description of the health of.
citizens and the factors which influence their health. It
identifies problems, proposes areas for, improvement and
stimulates action.-- (WHO)

B. Types of Community Diagnosis

1. Comprehensive Community Diagnosis
2. Problem-Oriented Community Diagnosis
II. Community Diagnosis
C. Types of Community Nursing Problem
1. Health Status Problems
2. Health Resources Problems
3. Health Related Problems
 III.
Planning
II. Planning
A. Definition
• A collaboration, orderly, cyclic process to attain a mutually
agreed on desired future goals

B. Planning Basic Tasks

1. Prioritizing nursing interventions
2. Developing goals and objectives
3. Establish criteria to achieve goals
4. Selecting appropriate means to achieve goal
5. Designing nursing interventions
6. Planning evaluation
II. Planning
C. Scoring Guide and Setting Priorities
II. Planning
C. Scoring Guide and Setting Priorities
 IV.
Implementation
IV. Implementation
A. Definition
• Organizing and carrying out the plan of care

B. Intervention schemes
1. Health teaching
2. Guidance
3. Counseling
4. Surveillance
IV. Implementation
• C. Implementation of Care
1. Identifying requested knowledge and skills needed to
implement the plan and identify the most appropriate person
to implement a segment of the plan
2. Designating responsibility for implementation
3. Recognizing impediments to implementation
4. Communicating the plan
5. Providing an environment for implementation
6. Carrying out the planned activities
 IV.
Evaluation
V. Evaluation
A. Definition
• Systematic comparison of clients’ health status with the
outcomes

B. Evaluation Activities
• Selection of observable criteria related to the desired goals of clients’
• Collection of relevant information
• Comparison of the information collected with the selected criteria
• Judgment and decision making
• Feedback and modification of nursing care plan
V. Evaluation
C. Dimension of Evaluation
• Effectiveness
• Efficiency
• Appropriateness
• Adequacy

D. Possible Decisions based on Evaluative Findings

• Interventions effective and objectives were met
• Objectives were not met and another approach should be tried
• No change in quality of performance
 END OF
PRESENTATION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Epidemiology
A. Definition of related Terms
B. Natural Life History of a Disease
C. Epidemiological Triad
D. Epidemiological Process and
Investigations
A. Definitions of Related Terms
Epidemiology is the study of the
distribution and determinants of
health-related states or events in
specified populations, and the
application of this study to the control
of health problems.
B. Natural History of Disease
C. Epidemiological Triad
D. Epidemiological Process and Investigation
1. Prepare for field work
2. Establish the existence of an outbreak
3. Verify the diagnosis
4. Construct a working case definition
5. Find cases systematically and record information
6. Perform descriptive epidemiology
7. Develop hypotheses
8. Evaluate hypotheses epidemiologically
9. As necessary, reconsider, refine, and re-evaluate hypotheses
10. Compare and reconcile with laboratory and/or environmental
studies
11. Implement control and prevention measures
12. Initiate or maintain surveillance
13. Communicate findings
END OF PRESENTATION
HEALTH STATISTICS
CONTENTS

A. Definition of Terms
B. Sources of Philippine Vital
Statistics
C. Vital Statistics and Formula
D. Treatment and Presentation of
Data
E. Philippine Demographics
F. Philippine Health Situation
A. Definition of Terms

Vital

Statistics
A. Definition of Terms
Vital Statistics – refer to systematic
study of vital or important events, events
that has an impact to the health of a
community in particular or economic
standing of a community in general
 Birth
 Death
 Mortality
 Morbidity
 Life expectance (Ave = 68; F = 70; M = 66)
 Fertility rate (4 every mother)
A. Definition of Terms
Demographics– population
characteristics and behaviors
 Population (111 million as Sept 2021)
 Sex distribution (50.4%M, 49.6% F)
 Age distribution
 Annual growth rate (1.4%)
 Civil status
 Dependency ratio
 Density
 Literacy ( rate (98.2%)
 Poverty rate3 4 out 10 are poor, 16.6%)
B. Source of Philippine Statistics

Civil Registrar
Health Departments
Studies and researchers
C. Vital Statistics Formula

1. Birth Rates 3. Diseases/Morbidity Rate

2. Death Rates/Mortality Rate a. Incidence Rate
a. Crude Death Rates b. Prevalence
b. Maternal Mortality Rate c. Attack Rate
c. Infant Mortality Rate
d. Neonatal Death Rate
e. Fetal Death Rate
f. Cause Specific Death Rate
g. Age Specific Death Rate
h. Sex Specific Death Rate
i.Case fatality ratio
D. Treatment and Presentation of Data
Treatment of Data
1. Frequency distribution
2. Measure of central tendencies
2.1. Mean
2.2. Median
2.3. Mode
3. Measure of Variability – extent to which scores
deviate from one another
3.1 Range – highest minus lowest score
3.2. Standard deviation – summarizes the
average amount of deviation of values
from the mean.
D. Treatment and Presentation of Data
Presentation of Data
1. Tables 2. Graphs
 Table Number
 Table Title
 Column Headings
 Row Headings or Stubs
 Cells
 Footnotes
 Source of Data 3. Narratives
E. Philippine Demographics
E. Philippine Demographics
E. Philippine Demographics
E. Philippine Demographics
F. Philippine Health Situation
F. Philippine Health Situation
F. Philippine Health Situation

Spending for health

 Total Health Expenditure is 3.7% of GDP (less than WHO
recommended 5%)
 38% of population has PhilHealth coverage.
 Most (46.4%) of the family expenditure for health goes to drugs
and medicines.
 Philippines drug prices are 3.4 to 184 times the international
reference index.
 END OF
PRESENTATION