PURCOM Midterms

Lesson 6
Language Registers/
Varieties of English
Definition
Language Registers
Varieties of English
REGISTER DEFINITION
• In linguistics, a register is a variety of a language used for a

particular purpose or in a particular social setting. The basic
example of it is when speaking in a formal setting. An English
speaker may be more likely to use features of prescribed
grammar than in informal setting-such as pronouncing word
sending in –ing with a velar nasal instead of an alveolar nasal
(e.g. “wal;king”, not “walkin”), choosing more formal words
(e.g. father vs. dad, child vs. kid, etc.), and refraining from
using words considered nonstandard, such as ain’t.
REGISTER DEFINITION
• As with other types of language
variation, there tends to be a
spectrum of registers rather than a
discrete set of obviously distinct
varieties-numerous registers could
be identified, with no clear
boundaries between them.
REGISTER DEFINITION…
• The term register was first used by the linguist
Thomas Bertram Reid in 1956, and brought into
general currency in the 1960s by a group of linguists
who wanted to distinguish among variations in
language according to the user (defined by variables
such as social background, geography, sex and age),
and variations according to use, “in the sense that
each speaker has a range of varieties and choices
between them at different times”
(Haliday et al., 1964).
LANGUAGE REGISTERS
In one prominent model, Martin Joos

(1961) describes five styles in spoken
language registers, they are as follows:
LANGUAGE REGISTERS …
1. Frozen or static register

Uses printed unchanging language, such as biblical
quotations, often contains archaisms. The typical
example of which are the Pledge of Allegiance of the
United States of America and other “static”
vocalizations. The wording is exactly the same every
time it is spoken.
LANGUAGE REGISTERS…
2. Formal register
One-way participation; no interruption;
technical vocabulary or exact definitions
are important; includes presentations or
introductions between strangers.
LANGUAGE REGISTERS …
3. Consultative register
Two-way participation; background information is
provided-prior knowledge is not assumed. “Back-
channel behavior” such as “uh huh,” “I see,” etc. is
common. Interruptions are allowed. Examples
include teacher/student, doctor/patient,
expert/apprentice, etc.
4. Casual register
In-group friends and acquaintances; no
background information provided; ellipsis and
slang common; interruptions common. This is
common among friends in a social setting.
5. Intimate register
Non-public; intonation is more important than
wordings or grammar; private vocabulary. Also
includes non-verbal messages. This is most common
among family members and close friends.
LANGUAGE REGISTERS
Language register is the level and style of writing. It should

be appropriate for the situation. The language register
determines the vocabulary, structure, and some grammar
in writing. We use different language registers for different
types or writing, just as we speak differently to various
people. The three most common language registers in
writing are the following:
FORMAL LANGUAGE REGISTERS
Formal Language Register
Formal language register is more appropriate for

professional writing and letters to a manager or a stranger.
Formal writing is probably the most difficult type of
writing for it is impersonal, the meaning is not written for
a specific person and is written without emotion.
FORMAL LANGUAGE REGISTERS …
Some kinds of writing are always written in

formal English. Formal writing includes
business letters, letters of complaint, essays,
technical reports, formal and official speeches,
announcements and professional emails.
Rules of the Formal Language Register
1. Do not use contractions.

Contractions are not usually used in formal writing, even though
they are very common in spoken English.
In formal writing, you should spell out contractions. The basic
examples of which in formal writing are: you should use will not
instead of won’t, shall not instead of shan’t, has not instead of hasn’t,
does not instead of doesn’t, and was not instead of wasn’t.
FORMAL LANGUAGE REGISTERS…
• Contractions can be used if you are quoting someone’s exact words in

your writing. (“One third of my college students can’t read at grade
level,” the professor started. Always remember that an apostrophe
does not always make a contraction. Apostrophes are also added to
nouns to show ownership. These are used in all language registers
such as children’s party, professor’s letter, and bird’s nest.
2. Spell out numbers less than one hundred,

nineteen, twenty-two, seventy-eight, six are
some of the examples of the said rule.
3. Write in third person point of view
In formal writing, we usually do not use first person or

second person unless it is a quote. Avoid using I, You, We and Us.
For instance do not write, “You will probably see a monkey in the
zoo.” Instead, “One may probably see a monkey in the zoo.” “We
decided to leave the country.” Instead, “The family decided to
leave the country.”
4. Avoid using too much passive voice.
In formal writing it is better to use an active voice, for instance, “The

lady ate the food.” , instead of “The food was eaten by the lady.” “The college
students completed the research project in 2016.” Or “In 2016, the college
students completed the research project in 2016.” , instead of, “The research
project was completed in 2016.”

5. Avoid using slang, idioms, exaggeration (hyperboles) and
clichés
• Slang is common in informal writing and spoken English,
Slang is particular to a certain region or area. Some of the
examples of slang words are awesome/ok, okay/ok, check it out,
in a nut shell, lousy, for the birds, happening spot, ticked her off,
blew me away, far out, goofed off, where I am at and others.
6. Avoid abbreviations and acronyms
When using an acronym or abbreviation, write it out for the first time or write
the entire name out the first time it appears, followed by the acronym. From then on,
you can use the acronym by itself. For instance, Department of Education (DepEd),
Commission on Higher Education (CHEd), Philippine Association of Colleges and
Universities Commission on Accreditation (PACUCOA), Department of Labor and
Employment (DOLE), Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR), United Nations (UN),
Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG).

For abbreviations, write the complete word the first time, then
use the abbreviation like influenza = flu, Philippines = Phil.,
tablespoon = tbsp.., minutes = min. Do not use slang
abbreviations or symbols that you would use in friendly emails
and texts such as ttyl for talk to you later, LOL for laugh out loud,
b/c for because, w/o for without, w/ for with and others.
7. Do not start sentences with words like and, so, but, also.
The good transitional devices and phrases that can be used in

formal writing are although, as a result, in addition, however,
additionally, nevertheless, nonetheless, henceforth, in this case,
except for, indeed, for example, furthermore, in the same way, in
contrast, accordingly, in conclusion and others.

8. Always write in complete sentences.
9. Write longer and more complex sentences.

INFORMAL LANGUAGE REGISTERS
2. Informal Language Register
Informal writing is written in the way one talks to his friends

and family. Informal writing is used when one is writing to
someone he knows very well. Informal writing includes personal
emails, phone texts, short notes, friendly letters, blogs, diaries,
journals, and others. There are no basic rules to follow in informal
writing.
INFORMAL LANGUAGE REGISTERS…
• With informal writing, you can include things such as: extra
punctuation marks, passive and active voice, personal views,
jokes, anecdotes, paragraphs or no paragraphs, first, second
and third persons, short sentences, fused sentences,
sentence fragments, incomplete sentences, acronyms,
symbols and abbreviations, figurative language, slang and
cliché and others.
• With respect to lexicon, vocabulary,

words peculiar only to some English
varieties in Southeast Asia can be noted
as seen in the following examples (pp.
189-190):
• *Singapore English: actsy ‘show off,’ ,missy ‘nurse,’ chop ‘rubber

stamp.’ Marina kids ‘youngsters who spend their leisure time at or
around Marina Square, a shopping centre,’ graduate mothers;
graduate (well-educated) married women, encouraged to have
more children and accorded certain privileges in Singapore,’ as
compared to non-graduate mothers (Pakir, 1992, as cited in
Kachru & Nelson, 2006)
Philippine English: deep ‘puristic or hard to understand’ as an

attribute of language, stick ‘cigarette,’ high blood ‘tense or upset,’
blow out ‘treating someone with a snack or meal,’ manualize ‘to
prepare manuals,’ go ahead ‘leave before others with host’s
permission,’ studentry ‘student body,’ Amboy ‘a Filipino perceived
to be too pro-American,’ promdi ‘from the province,’ behest loan
‘unguaranteed bank loan given to presidential cronies,’ pulot boy
‘boy who picks up tennis balls in a game,’ and balikbayan box ‘box
where Filipinos returning from abroad put all their shopping,’
among others (Bautista, 1997, as cited in Kachru & Nelson, 2006).
*Malaysian English: antilog ‘a male hated by girl,’

popcorn ‘a loquacious person,’ kachang ‘peanuts, easy,’
slambar ‘relax,’ red spot, open shelf’,girls who are
popular and those who are not,’ day bugs ‘those who
come to attend school but do not live in residence halls’
(Said & Ng, 2000, ascited in Kachru & Nelson, 2006).
NEUTRAL LANGUAGE REGISTERS
3. Neutral Language Register
The neutral register is non-emotional and sticks to

facts. It is most appropriate for technical writings.
We use the neutral language register with non-
emotional topics and information
NEUTRAL LANGUAGE REGISTERS…
Some writings are written in a neutral register. This means they are
not specifically formal or informal.
Writing in the natural language register includes:

*Reviews
*Articles
*Some letters
*Some essays
*Technical writing
NEUTRAL LANGUAGE REGISTERS
When it comes to language variation, the terms genre, register, and
style are often encountered. David Crystal (2008) defines register as
“a variety of language defined according to its use in social situations
e.g. a register of scientific, religious, formal English. (p. 409).” He
added: “In Hallidayan linguistics, the term is seen as specifically
opposed to varieties of language defined according to the
characteristics of the users (viz. their regional or class dialect), and is
given a subclassification into field, mode and manner of discourse (p.
409). Crystal (1964) further discusses style and register:
LANGUAGE REGISTERS/REGISTERS OF ENGLISH
When it comes to language variation, the terms genre, register, and

style are often encountered. David Crystal (2008) defines register as
“a variety of language defined according to its use in social situations
e.g. a register of scientific, religious, formal English. (p. 409).” He
added: “In Hallidayan linguistics, the term is seen as specifically
opposed to varieties of language defined according to the
characteristics of the users (viz. their regional or class dialect), and is
given a subclassification into field, mode and manner of discourse (p.
409). Crystal (1964) further discusses style and register:
Language being the product of interaction among the

members society, must ultimately be studied
according to the social context in which it is found.
Within a language, there are variations in style and
register, which it is found. Within a language, there
are variations in style and register, which differentiate
and formally characterize distinct social situations.
LANGUAGE REGISTERS/REGISTERS OF ENGLISH…
• Style refers to “degree of formality attached

to particular interpersonal social situation
which is reflected by differences in language”.
For example, the kind of language used while
talking to a friend will differ noticeably from
that used in addressing a superior, in
otherwise the same situation
Register refers to “ kind of language whose

forms are of a definable social situation,
regardless of the status of the participants-
thus one finds the register of legal
language, liturgical language, and so on (p.
149).
• It is to be noted that genre and register overlap and

are sometimes used interchangeably. According to
Lee (2001), whereas genre is associated more with
the organization of culture, register is associated
with the organization of situation. To this end,
register is understood as the context-specific variety
of language to which the field-mode-tenor
framework is important.
• Field may be analyzed in terms of the social setting and the

communicative purpose in which the text is produced.
• Tenor may be described in terms of the role/s required of
the writers and readers including the cultural values shared
by both.
• Mode could be explained in light of the knowledge of other
texts required of speakers/listeners and writers/readers as
regards the genre including the formal text features.
• Language register then refers to “the formality of language

which one speaks”. Different registers are used in different
situations. It is through register that you are able to determine
the kind of lexicon or vocabulary to use as well as the kind of
structure to be used. Even in writing, you may use a formal or
an informal register. In some instances, even a neutral
language register is identified.
This is certainly allowed since the President occupying the

highest position in the country could not afford to make
mistakes. On the contrary, a priest delivering his homily,
more often than not, speaks extemporaneously and uses
ordinary language. This is so since the audience is composed
of various audiences coming from different walks of life. The
priest should also be able to touch the very core of the
listeners’ hearts so that they live the preaching they hear.
The formal register is likewise appropriate for use

in professional writing like project proposals,
position papers, and business letters as in the
case of writing to a superior or to a head of a
certain organization. It is more impersonal,
objective, and factual.
Informal register, which is more casual in tone, is

appropriate for people with whom you have established a
more personal relationship as in the case of friends and
relatives. This type of writing may sometimes be emotional
as an intimate relationship exists between the speaker and
listener or writer and reader.
EXAMPLES OF INFORMAL LANGUAGE…
Legalese or legal language is highly characterized by

archaic expressions, technical jargon intrinsic only to
the community of legal professionals, passive voice, as
well as long, kilometric sentences.
Ex: whereas, malfeasance, writ of execution,
Affidavit, arbitration, burden of proof, caveat emptor
Academese is an informal, pejorative term for

the specialized language (or jargon) used in some
scholarly writing and speech.
Ex: commodification, feministing,
outcome based education, dissertation
Textese or language of texts (SMS language), are exactly the opposite-

use of abbreviations, acronyms, slang words, and expressions. This is so
since messages used to be limited to a certain number of
characters/spaces which made texting much easier and quicker.
However, misinterpretation and/or miscommunication in text messaging
may arise if vocabulary and knowledge of context are limited. Hence,
extra care should be practiced when comprehending text messages.
Ex. lol (laugh out loud), skl (share ko lang), tbh (to be honest),
atm (at the moment), idk (I don’t know)
SYNTHESIS
1. Intercultural communication plays an important pole in achieving effective

communication.
2. There are different varieties of English spoken by countries colonized by Britain, the
US, Canada, and Australia: Singapore English, Malaysian English, Philippine English, and
Thai English, among others. These varieties have their own grammatical, lexical, and
syntactic features and should not be considered as errors.
3. Language has formal and informal registers. These registers have forms which define
the social situation.
4. The kind of register to be used affects the way one speaks and writes.
Assessment No. 1
Direction: List down expressions or vocabulary you commonly

encounter in the following registers (10 examples in each register).
A. Legalese
B. Textese
C. Academese
Lesson 7
Messages
and Its Variables
Variables of Message
Ways to Convey Messages
Identification of Target Audiences
Message (Definition)
Messages as denotatively defined are pieces of

information sent or given to someone. Message is
one of the most important components of
communication for it refers to ideas, feelings,
thoughts or information that people send and
receive when they communicate with their
audience.
Message
• People use syntax and semantics to direct
messages back and forth but verbal
message is not the only means to send
messages. For instances, when you share
ideas with your listener, he is not only
getting the messages from what you have
said but from your physical gestures and
actuations as well.
Message
• Semantics is the study of meaning. The term can
be used to refer to subfields of several distinct
disciplines including linguistics, philosophy, and
computer science.
• Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It
can be applied to entire texts or to single words.
For example, "destination" and "last stop"
technically mean the same thing, but students
of semantics analyze their subtle shades of
meaning.
• Semantics involves the deconstruction of words, signals, and
sentence structure. It influences our reading comprehension
as well as our comprehension of other people’s words in
everyday conversation. Semantics play a large part in our daily
communication, understanding, and language learning
without us even realizing it.
• For example, in everyday use, a child might make use of

semantics to understand a mom’s directive to “do your
chores” as, “do your chores whenever you feel like it.”
However, the mother was probably saying, “do your chores
right now.”
Since meaning in language is so complex, there are actually
different theories used within semantics, such as formal
semantics, lexical semantics, and conceptual semantics.
• Formal Semantics –
Formal semantics uses techniques from math,
philosophy, and logic to analyze the broader relationship between
language and reality, truth and possibility. Has your teacher ever
asked you to use an “if… then” question? It breaks apart lines of
information to detect the underlying meaning or consequence of
events.
• Lexical Semantics - Lexical semantics deconstruct words
and phrases within a line of text to understand the
meaning in terms of context. This can include a study of
individual nouns, verbs, adjectives, prefixes, root words,
suffixes, or longer phrases or idioms.
Interpret the idioms
1. Don’t wash your dirty linen in public
The conflict between you and your sister must be
kept private, don’t wash your dirty linen in public
2. On thin ice
Harry uncovered the dirty secret of his boss. He is
on thin ice now, he might lose his job
3. Jump the gun
I have not finish my argument yet and you are
already giving a conclusion? Please don’t jump the gun
• Conceptual Semantics - Conceptual semantics deals with the
most basic concept and form of a word before our thoughts
and feelings added context to it.
• For example, at its most basic we know a cougar to be a large

wild cat. But, the word cougar has also come to indicate an
older woman who’s dating a younger man. This is where
context is important.
Conceptual semantics opens the door to a conversation on connotation and
denotation. Denotation is the standard definition of a word. Meanwhile,
connotation deals with the emotion evoked from a word. Connotation will be
derived from the manner in which you interpret a word or sentence’s
meaning. As such, semantics and connotation are deeply entwined.
Semantics in Everyday Life

One part of studying language is understanding the many meanings of
individual words. Once you have a handle on the words themselves, context
comes into play. The same word can be said to two people and they can
interpret them differently.
For example, imagine a man told a woman, “I care for you… a lot.” Wouldn’t
that made the woman’s heart melt? Sure, if he just said that out of the blue,
walking down the beach one day. But, what if the woman told the man, “I
love you,” and, after a long pause, all he said was, “I care for you… a lot.” She’d
be crushed. So, context (the current situation) will always play a role in
everyday semantics.
Message
• In linguistics, syntax is the set of
rules, principles, and processes that
govern the structure of sentences in a
given language, usually including
word order. The term syntax is also
used to refer to the study of such
principles and processes.
Syntax is an order of words and phrases to form proper
sentences.
An example of syntax is "I'm going to the movies"
versus "to the movies I'm going.“
The most basic syntax follows a subject + verb + direct
object formula. That is, "Jillian hit the ball." Syntax allows us
to understand that we wouldn't write, "Hit Jillian the ball."
Arrange the words to make correct sentences
• 1. the vegetables buying the women are market at

• 2. for car thousands the sold he eighty.
• 3. the husband priest kissed his wife the before
Three Variables of Message:
1. Content
2. Structure
3. Style
1. Content. In communication context, content maybe
classified as referential and relational. The ideas contained in a
message or the ideas the speakers says as he thinks about
something are referred to as referential, whereas when the
speaker’s ideas or messages insinuate that there is a
relationship between him and his listener, the content of his
message may be considered as relational. (e.g. When the
speaker talks to someone and he mention his name and hints
at his familiarity with him in his talk.)
2. Structure. In every communication situation, achieving clarity of the
message or information shared is deemed important. It is much needed
that the speaker guides or directs his listeners to the topics or arguments
that he intends to bring and to discuss with them. In this regard, coherent
pattern of organization is indeed significant. The message to be shared
with the listeners should be structured or organized. No matter how
nervous the speaker is, it is necessary that he provides patterns for the
audiences to follow so as for them to be guided accordingly to the ideas
he hopes to share. A basic numerical form can be used, to wit: first…
second… next… finally… or as intricate as a full outline with points and
sub-points.
3. Style. The third variable of spoken message is style. It is
referred to the careful manner of gathering and arranging the
words to express the speaker’s message which somehow reveals
what kind of a person he is when speaking. Styles can be
personal or impersonal, literal or ironic, plain or elevated,
philosophical or poetic. The use of variations in sentence
structure determines the speaker’s styles in expressing his
spoken message.
Ways to Convey Your Message More Clearly
1. Provide an example. When explaining or

discussing ideas to your listeners, provide
them sensible examples. It is much easier to
understand the ideas shared if examples are
given.
2. Refer to the source. If you are discussing topics taken

from different chapters of the reading materials, articles,
journals paper, videos, etc. provide your listeners with the
source to analyze. This guarantees you are on the same
page.
3. Check for understanding. If you want to

be sure that your listeners understand what
you are talking about, ask them to explain
the thought back to you for the purpose of
clarification.
4. Ask for feedback. After you have

shared the message to the listeners, ask
for their reaction and responses for
possible feedback.
Identifying the Target Audience
In communication, coming up with a

comprehensive communication strategy
is truly needed to identify accurately the
target audience. The target audience
refers to the group a communicator is
trying to influence.
Two Categories of Target Audience or Defined
Audience:
1. Primary Target Audience. This type of target

audience refers to the group a communicator is
objectively trying to convince. There may be more than
one primary target audience for the communication
tactic.
2. Secondary Target Audience. This includes
people or groups who are less important and
relevant to the communication efforts, but who
need to be given the opportunity to receive the
message. They will also profit from hearing the
messages, and they may be able to stimulate
the target audience now or in the future.
Other Ways of Presenting the Message
1. Print. Brochures, fliers, ads, catalogs, reports, memos or
letters are the typical examples of print that are commonly
used in presenting the ideas to the target audience. With the
increase in electronic communications, print materials pieces
are utilized less and don’t compete with documents on a work
desk. Print media have an advantage over electronic
communication for you don’t have to worry about how the
message looks on devices and computers with diverse display
settings.
2. Face-to-Face. Face-to-face meetings allow
you to get more personal and peculiar intimacy
with the target audience for you can easily
assess the body language of your listeners, you
can demonstrate what you are presenting and
you can use visual aids. Feedback is readily
available after the face-to-face meeting.
3. Visual Aids. Charts and graph give visual
importance and intellectual impact to the ideas you
are presenting to your defined audience. Learn to use
programs such as PowerPoint to produce
informational graphics that shape your thoughts,
help you highlight them and emphasize key notions.
Even a simple chalkboard or dry erase board can help
you make points more clearly.
Unlocking Messages
The explosion of cultures is alluded to how distinct

people’s ideas are from each other. Pinning down a
meaning to something without acknowledging the
culture of the author is perhaps considered an
offense. Without examining the cultural backdrop,
many things could be displaced, and out of the many
things, identity is unquestionably the first one to lose
essence.
Unlocking Messages
A Picture
Paints
a Thousand
Words
FYI
• Henrik Ibsen said "A thousand words leave not the same deep impression as does a
single deed." After his death in 1906 this quote was plagiarized and para-phrased
into what we know now.
• In March 1911, the Syracuse Advertising Men's Club held a banquet to discuss
journalism and publicity. This was reported in two articles. In an article in The Post-
Standard covering this event, the author quoted Arthur Brisbane (not Tess Flanders
as previously reported here and elsewhere) as saying: "Use a picture. It's worth a
thousand words." In an article in the Printers' Ink, the same quote is attributed to
Brisbane
• -Wikipedia
Guide Questions in Unlocking Messages
1. What is the general motif of the

picture?
2. How does the motif reflect
interrelatedness of the elements?
3. What objects/elements stands out?
Guides Questions in Unlocking Messages…
4. What objects/words seem out of place?

5. What culture prevails in understanding the
meaning conveyed?
6. What general note can be drawn from the
picture?
Evaluating Messages
EASY STEPS
Within man’s spectrum
messages could go ad
infinitum---these make him
1. Determine what you will
who he is. Evaluating them evaluate.
would support the quest for 2. Define your goal.
truth behind his 3. State you objective.
consciousness. 4. Identify your audience.
5. Establish your baseline.
Evaluating Messages
“No one wants to travel a long distance, spend a

lot of money and somehow end up in the wrong
place.”
Evaluating your communication along the way can
help you to stay on course and reach your
destination.
Guide Questions in Evaluating Messages
1. How is the message conveyed?

2. What belief is used to support the message?
3. In what way is the message best delivered?
4. To what extent is the impact of the message felt?
5. Who is the addressee of the message?
6. What ethos does the message support?
End of Lecture!!!
Thank You!!!
Lesson 8
Multimodel Texts
Communication Aids
Tools of Technology
Communication Modes
Communication Aids
Help a person to communicate more effectively with those around him.
Range from simple letter boards to sophisticated pieces of computer equipment and
modern technology. It helps an individual to communicate more effectively with
people around them.
Communication Aids
In today’s digital society, communication is

mediated using technology. For
communication to be more effective, it is
imperative to know how technology works,
what purposes it can serve and how it can be
used efficiently and effectively to achieve
specific goals in the communication process.
Contemporary Communication Aids
should be:
Simplistic
Appealing
Short
Straightforward
Youthful
Communication Aids…
• In preparing multimedia presentations for

various purposes, it is important to consider
the following:
A. Characteristics of Multimedia Presentations
1. Visually oriented (displayed on a monitor or
projected on screen)
2. Use of different modalities such as:

texts, graphics, photographs, audio, animation, video
*Special features of computer-based presentations:
a. Custom navigation (linking) between slides, to other media and
to the internet
b. Can be made into hard copy printouts or transparencies
c. Can be uploaded to the web
B. Steps in Making Effective Multimedia Presentations:
1. Know the purpose
2. Know the audience
3. Gather information
4. Use a variety of resources such as
a. Textbooks
a. Digital resources (photographs, scanned images)
b. Internet
5.Do not forget to cite sources

a. Author’s name, title of the work, and date of
publication
b.Website or web page address of the source
c. Full bibliographic references for all citations
6. Organize the information

a. List the main points
b. Have only one idea per slide
c. Present ideas in logical order
d. Place important information near the top
7. Check the technical issues

a. Contrast
-dark text on light background
-white text on dark back ground
b. Use only one design and color scheme
throughout the presentation
c. Avoid clutter
d. Avoid patterned or textured background
e. Use large font size (minimum 18 pts)
f. Use fonts that are easy to read. Don’t use fancy
fonts.
g. Do not use more than two types of fonts.
h. Avoid too much text. Do not us e the

presentation as your notes.
8. Be creative
a. Use transitions and animations to add
interest.
b. But don’t overdo it!
Communication Modes
• Communication modes refers to the

channel through which one
expresses his/her communicative
intent.
• Views or feelings can be
communicated through face-to-face
interaction, video, or audio or text-
based.
Communication Modes…
• Face-to-face interaction
It is an informal or casual conversation
between two or more people.
• Video
Web cameras are used so that two or
more people who cannot interact face-to-
face can communicate.
Communication Modes…
• Audio
Audio means transmitted sound where only the
voice of the speaker is heard.
• Text-based communication
Text-based communication includes
e-mail , facsimile, text messaging and instant
messaging. It has a wider reach and can disseminate
information to a bigger audience quickly.
Activity
Cartoons about the use of technology will be shown.
Then answer the following questions in 2-3 sentences
each.
1.What ideas about technology do the cartoons

present?
2.Do these cartoons present positive or negative ideas
about technology?
Synthesis
1.The various modes of communication are

face-to-face , video, audio, and texting.
2.The video is used to connect two or more
people who cannot interact face to face.
It is the second most convenient
communication mode next to face-to-face
interaction.
Synthesis
3. Whereas the audio mode of

communication is limited to hearing only
the speaker’s voice, most types of the text-
based communication are limited only to
what is printed . However, the latter has a
wider reach and is able to disseminate
information to a larger group of audience.
Food for the Day…
• Meaning is made in conversation,
• Reality is created in communication
• And knowledge is generated through social interaction…
• Language is the vehicle through which
• We create our understanding of the world.”
Diana Wheatley
End of Lecture
Thank you!!!
Lesson 9
Communication
for
Various Purposes
Informative Communication
Persuasive Communication
Argumentative Communication
“The improvement of understanding is for two ends; first, our own increase
of knowledge; secondly, to enable us to deliver that knowledge to others. “
-John Locke-
1. What do you think John Locke mean?
2. In which aspect of your field do you

find Locke’s idea most relevant?
Explain.
Communication is made for
numerous purposes. The way
messages are crafted depends highly
on the intention of the sender.
For example:
In a supermarket, a sales agent makes sure
that the way a product is promoted gets
consumers buying. . A news anchor delivers
information in such a way that all the facts
are clearly stated doing away with words
that may cause confusion. On the other
hand, a criminal lawyer design his
arguments supported by facts to convince
judge and the jury.
Purposes of the Message
1.Informative Communication/Messages
Informative communication
- involves giving than asking. As an
informative communicator, you want your
receivers to pay attention and understand,
but not to change their behavior. By sharing
information, ignorance is reduced, or better
yet, eliminated. The informative value of a
message is measured by how novel and
relevant information is or the kind of
understanding it provides the receivers.
Purposes of the Message…
Informative messages refer to pieces of information

shared with someone for the purpose of communicating
different forms of routine, repeated daily tasks, instructions,
symbols and codes, steps and procedures and the like in the
workplace. The messages should be very clear, direct and easy to
understand. The personnel officer of the company providing the
newly hired employees about their job functions during the
• orientation seminar, the student
publication adviser discussing the
principles of responsible
journalism and the constitutional
by laws of the organization to the
newly accepted student writers,
the school director explaining to
the teaching staff the directions of
the university towards attainment
of its vision/mission and others
are the basic examples of
informative messages.
Osborn (2009) purports that informative communication arises out
of three deep impulses:
a. We seek to expand our awareness of the world around us.

b. We seek to become more competent.
c. We have an abiding curiosity about how things work and how
they are made.
2.Persuasive
Communication/Messages
Persuasive communication is an art
of gaining fair and favorable
considerations for our point of view. It:
a. provides a choice of options
among us.
b. advocates something through a
speaker.
c. uses supporting materials to justify advice.

d. turns the audience into agents of change.
e. asks for strong commitment.
f. gives importance to the speaker’s credibility.
g. appeals to feelings.
h. has higher ethical obligation.
A persuasive message occurs when a person tries to influences an

individual or group to take certain detailed actions. Also, persuasive
message tackles and solves any doubts and objections. An example would
be to ask for a request for action in order to convince the employee to stay
in the company. For instance, the company manager’s duty is to persuade
an employee who happens to be an outstanding one not to leave the
company and then he has decided to take the employee to lunch and
explain to him the advantages of staying for good in the company. Later
on, with the techniques of persuasion used by the managers, the
outstanding employee decides to stay.
• For instance, the company
manager’s duty is to persuade an
employee who happens to be an
outstanding one not to leave the
company and then he has decided to
take the employee to lunch and
explain to him the advantages of
staying for good in the company.
Later on, with the techniques of
persuasion used by the managers,
the outstanding employee decides
to stay.
Argumentative
Communication/Messages
Argumentative Communication relies
heavily on sound proof and reasoning. The
nature of proof has been studied since the
Golden Age of Greece. And has been
improved through time. According to
Aristotle, logos, ethos and pathos are the
three primary forms of proof. In our time,
however, many scholars have confirmed
the presence of a fourth dimension of
proof, mythos, which suggests that we
respond to appeals to the traditions and
values of our culture and to the legends
and folktales that embody them.
Lucas (2007) claims that to avoid defective argumentation,

the following must be avoided:
1. Defective evidence
• misuse of facts
• statistical fallacies,
• defective testimony
• inappropriate evidence
Purposes of the Message
2. Defective patterns of reasoning

• Evidential fallacies
a. Slippery slope
b. Confusing facts with opinion
c. Myth of the mean
• Flawed proofs
• Defective arguments
• slippery slope argument
In logic, the fallacy of arguing that a certain course of action is
undesirable or that a certain proposition is implausible because it
leads to an undesirable or implausible conclusion via a series of
tenuously connected premises, each of which is understood to lead,
causally or logically, to the premise (or conclusion) that follows it. An
example of a slippery slope argument is the following: legalizing
prostitution is undesirable because it would cause more marriages to
break up, which would in turn cause the breakdown of the family,
which would finally result in the destruction of civilization.
4. Goodwill Messages
Goodwill messages are used in the work place to
demonstrate a sense of kindheartedness, benevolence and
responsiveness. Messages of appreciation, congratulations
or positive feedback are some of the examples of good. A
goodwill message should have a you-attitude with a
pleasing introduction and use the words ‘I’ or ‘We’ to
begin the conversation.
End of Lecture
Thank you!!!
Lesson 10
Effective Public Speaking
Aspects of Public Speaking

Types, Reasons, Why
Parts of the Speech
Delivery of the Speech
FPPT.com
What is Public Speaking?
Public speaking (also called oratory or oration) is

the process or act of performing a speech to a live
audience. Public speaking is commonly understood
as formal, face-to-face, speaking of a single person
to a group of listeners. ... Traditionally, public
speaking was considered to be a part of the art of
persuasion.
Aspects of Public Speaking
• Types of public speaking

• Purpose of your speech
• Why we listen to speakers
• Who is your audience
• Preparation for your speech
Types of Public Speaking
A. Impromptu - the speaker speaks on the “spur of the

moment”
B. Extemporaneous - the speaker has a time to develop
his material
C. Memorized- the speaker commits the whole speech
to his memory
D. Manuscript – the speaker reads the whole speech
Why Are you There? (Purpose)
• Part of your assignment

• Chance to tell others about what you learned
– You have something to share
– You know things about your topic that others
do not
• Chance to show others your presentation
Know Your Audience
• Age – How old is the majority of your
audience?
• Are there more males/females in the
audience?
• What will your audience be interested in?
• How many people will be in your
audience?
• Will your audience be knowledgeable
about your topic?
Why Do We Listen to Public Speakers?
• Information
• Persuasive topics
• Motivation
• Entertainment
How To Win the Audience?
• Keep your discussion

– Interesting
• Use examples or stories
• Provide interesting facts
– To the point
• Don’t go on and on and on and on and on
• Keep your comments simple but informative
Preparation
• Do your homework – Know your topic
• Develop your presentation material
– Accuracy (content and spelling)
• Practice, Practice, Practice
– Mom, Dad, brother, sister, mirror, family pet, stuffed animals,
record your speech
– Practice where you will do your actual presentation
– Accept criticism – no one is perfect/ there is always room for
improvement
Parts of the Speech
• Introduction
• Body
• Conclusion
Introduction
• Get the audience’s attention

• Introduce yourself
• State the purpose
• Relate the importance to the audience
• Preview the main points that will be covered
The first step…
• Be Prepared
• Take a deep breath
• Slow your breathing / pause between sentences
• Get the audience engaged
– Tell a joke, use a quote, use a poem to begin your speech
• Walk around – use your energy
• Find your own way to reduce nervousness
• Face your fears
Body of the Speech
• Convey the message

• Discuss main points
• Provide supporting details
• Educate/ entertain the audience
Conclusion
• Highlight the central theme of your speech

• Briefly cover the main points
• Provide the audience with a feeling of satisfaction
that you accomplished what you promised
• Closing statement
• Thank the audience for their attention
Delivery of your Speech
• Appearance
• Speech and Voice
• Body Language
Appearance
• First Impressions – made in the first 7 seconds

– Hair style, accessories, shoes, etc.
• Who is your audience – dress appropriately
• How you dress will reinforce your authority
Speech and Voice
• Use variation in (vocal qualities)

– Volume/Loudness
• Helps provide emphasis and attention
– Pitch
• Low and high pitch
• Creates interest
– Timbre/Vocal Quality
• Provides emotion and feeling
– Rate/Speed
• Holds the attention of the audience
Body Language
• Posture
– Shows confidence
– Not too rigid – locked knees =
chance to meet the floor / Relax
• Facial Expressions
– Smile/ enjoy yourself and your
audience will also enjoy
themselves
– Be serious when necessary
Body Language
 Eye Contact
 Helps establish a relationship with your audience
 Makes them feel included
 Too nervous – look directly above their heads
 Look for signals from your audience – do they look confused? bored? Excited?
 Keep head up – Don’t talk to the floor
 Gestures
 Use your head, hands and arms – helps to emphasize ideas and feelings
 Should come naturally
Last minute tips…
• Do
– Speak on a topic you have earned the right to talk about
– Speak on a topic that you are interested in – be enthusiastic
– Talk from your heart – not from your mouth
– Be sincere
– Be honest
– Be eager to communicate your information
Last minute tips…
Don’t
Memorize your speech
Imitate others, be yourself
Preach or scold
Speech is power,
Speech is to persuade, to convert,
to compel.
- Ralph Waldo Emerson-

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Lesson 6

• In linguistics, a register is a variety of a language used for a

In one prominent model, Martin Joos

1. Frozen or static register

Language register is the level and style of writing. It should

Formal Language Register

Formal language register is more appropriate for

Some kinds of writing are always written in

Rules of the Formal Language Register

1. Do not use contractions.

Rules of the Formal Language Register

• Contractions can be used if you are quoting someone’s exact words in

2. Spell out numbers less than one hundred,

In formal writing, we usually do not use first person or

Rules of the Formal Language Register

4. Avoid using too much passive voice.

In formal writing it is better to use an active voice, for instance, “The

Rules of the Formal Language Register

6. Avoid abbreviations and acronyms

Rules of the Formal Language Register

Rules of the Formal Language Register

The good transitional devices and phrases that can be used in

Rules of the Formal Language Register

9. Write longer and more complex sentences.

2. Informal Language Register

Informal writing is written in the way one talks to his friends

• With respect to lexicon, vocabulary,

• *Singapore English: actsy ‘show off,’ ,missy ‘nurse,’ chop ‘rubber

Philippine English: deep ‘puristic or hard to understand’ as an

*Malaysian English: antilog ‘a male hated by girl,’

3. Neutral Language Register

The neutral register is non-emotional and sticks to

Writing in the natural language register includes:

When it comes to language variation, the terms genre, register, and

Language being the product of interaction among the

• Style refers to “degree of formality attached

Register refers to “ kind of language whose

• It is to be noted that genre and register overlap and

• Field may be analyzed in terms of the social setting and the

• Language register then refers to “the formality of language

This is certainly allowed since the President occupying the

The formal register is likewise appropriate for use

Informal register, which is more casual in tone, is

Legalese or legal language is highly characterized by

Academese is an informal, pejorative term for

Textese or language of texts (SMS language), are exactly the opposite-

1. Intercultural communication plays an important pole in achieving effective

Direction: List down expressions or vocabulary you commonly

Messages as denotatively defined are pieces of

• For example, in everyday use, a child might make use of

• For example, at its most basic we know a cougar to be a large

Semantics in Everyday Life

• 1. the vegetables buying the women are market at

Three Variables of Message:

1. Provide an example. When explaining or

2. Refer to the source. If you are discussing topics taken

3. Check for understanding. If you want to

4. Ask for feedback. After you have

In communication, coming up with a

1. Primary Target Audience. This type of target

The explosion of cultures is alluded to how distinct

1. What is the general motif of the

4. What objects/words seem out of place?

“No one wants to travel a long distance, spend a