Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Safety Training
P roject S upervisor/
P rinciple Investigator
• Ionizing Radiation:
Radiation with
sufficient energy to
remove an electron from
an atom or molecule.
Radioactivity
unstable atoms
spontaneously
transform to new
atoms* and in the
process emit radiation.
• Half-life is the t ln ( 2 )
0.80
f e
amount of time T1/2
original amount.
Tw o half-lives
t 0.20
T1/2
1 0.007
f
2 0.00
0 20 40 60 80 100
Days
Definitions
• Exposure R (roentgen): Amount of charge produced per
unit mass of air from x-rays and gamma rays.
• Absorbed Dose rad: Amount of Energy deposited per unit
mass of material. 1Gy = 100 rad.
• Dose Equivalent rem: Risk adjusted absorbed dose. The
absorbed dose is weighted by the radiation type and tissue
susceptibility to biological damage. 1 Sv = 100 rem.
• Radiation weighting factors: alpha(20), beta(1), n(10).
• Tissue weighting factors: lung(0.12), thyroid(0.03), and gonads(0.25).
beta particle e-
gamma ray
photon
x-ray
e-
e-
lead
• Bremsstrahlung x-ray intensity increases with increasing atomic number of
absorber, and the average x-ray energy increases with increasing electron
energy.
(activity of the source is also a factor)
Shielding for beta emitting material
plastic 90
Sr
lead
Shielding for gamma emitting material
GM pancake probe
NaI probe
Battery
check
Range selector
Background Radiation
360 millirem per year
Sources of Average Radiation Dose to the U.S. Population
Cosmic, 27
8%
Internal, 39 Terrestrial, 28
Nuclear Medicine, 14
10% 8%
4%
Medical x-rays, 39
11%
Consumer Products, 10
3%
Radon, 200 Other, 3
55% 0.8%
5,000+ rad
0.03
Effect is Detrimental
risk level is uncertain
Predictable
Risk of death from cancer
0.01
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Committed Lifetime Dose (rem)
Occupational dose – above background
ALARA
• ALARA - As Low As Reasonably Achievable
• Time
• Distance (inverse square law)
• Shielding
• Contamination Control
Inverse Square Law
2
x1
D2 D1.
x2
45 mrem/hr @ 3.3 cm D - Dose
x - distance
5 mrem/hr @ 10 cm