EEE 325 Control Systems

Lecture 02 – Design Specifications

Dr. Muhammad Rizwan Azam

COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI),
Islamabad, Pakistan.
 Lecture Outline
• Analysis and Design Objectives
• Response Characteristics
• Transient Response
• Steady State Response
• Stability
• Design Steps
 Analysis and Design Objectives
• Analysis is the process by which a system's performance is determined.
• Design is the process by which a system's performance is created or changed
(depending on design specifications)
• A control system is dynamic: It responds to an input by undergoing a
transient response before reaching a steady-state response that generally
resembles the input.
 Analysis and Design Objectives (Contd…)
• Major objectives of systems analysis and design:
o Producing the desired transient response
o Reducing steady-state error
o Achieving stability
o Robust Design
Response Characteristics
 Transient Response
• In case of elevator, the desired transient response sets a trade off between
passenger’s patience and comfort level
• A slow transient response makes passengers impatient,
• Too fast a transient response could cause permanent physical damage
• In this book, the existing transient response is analyzed and then designed (if
needed) according to the design specifications
 Steady State Response
• This response resembles the input and is usually what remains after the
transients have decayed to zero
• Steady-state error is the difference between the input and the output after the
transients have effectively disappeared.
• In case of elevator, we are concerned about the accuracy of the steady-state
response
• Like transient response steady state response is first analyzed and then
designed for correction if needed
 Stability
• Discussion of transient response and steady-state error is moot if the system
does not have stability

• Natural response = Homogeneous solution

o Describes the way system dissipates or acquire energy
o Depends on system
• Forced Response = Particular Solution
o Depends on input
 Stability of Natural Response
• For stability, the natural response of a system should approach to zero or at
least oscillate
• If natural response does not converge then it is unstable
• Instability implies self destruction
o Elevator would crash through celling or exit through the ceiling
o Aircraft would go into uncontrollable roll
• Control systems must be designed to be stable.
Standard Test Inputs
 Other Design Considerations
• Factors affecting hardware selection, such as motor sizing to fulfill power
requirements and choice of sensors for accuracy, must be considered early in
the design
• Economic impact
• Robustness of control system design
 Salient Design Steps
• Design involves
o Mathematical Modeling of the System
o Model Verification
o Controller Design
o Controller Software Development
o Controller Testing on Simulation
o Controller Testing on Actual System
o Commissioning
Components of Modern Control
 Implementation
• Modern day controller

o Piece of Software
o Housed in a PC
o Hosted in an Embedded Processor
o Real Time (Fast Processing) is the key
 Further Reading…
• Chapter 1
i. Nise N.S. (2004). Control System Engineering (4th Ed), John Wiley & Sons.
ii. Dorf R.C., Bishop R.H. (2001). Modern Control Systems (9th Ed), Prentice Hall.