1.

Free-Radical Chlorination of Alkanes

EX h
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl
(1.eq)
h
C2H6 + Cl2 C2H5Cl
(1.eq)

CH3 CH3
 
H3C —C— CH3 + Cl2
h H3C —C— CH2Cl
 
(1.eq)
CH3 CH3
Cl
h
+ Cl2
(1.eq)
 Cl

h +
+ Cl2
(1.eq)

Cl
Predict the major product

h
+ Cl2
(1.eq)
Cl
Alkanes

2. Free Radical Bromination of Alkanes

In terms of the reagents and conditions used,
free-radical bromination is identical in all
respects to free-radical chlorination save for the
use of bromine (Br2) instead of chlorine (Cl2).
However, the selectivity obtained with bromine
is considerably greater than that observed with
chlorination. Here are some examples:
Alkanes

CH3
ALKANES
Alkanes

Types of carbons
1.Primary carbon (1ᶿ C )
2.secondary carbon (2ᶿ C )
3.Tertiary carbon (3ᶿ C )
4.Quarternary carbon (4ᶿ C )
Alkanes

Identify 1ᶿ, 1ᶿ, 1ᶿ and 1ᶿ carbon atoms in

CH3-CH2-C(CH3) 2-CH2-CH(CH3) 2
Alkanes

ALKYL GROUP
Alkanes -H
Alkyl
(CnH2n+2) (CnH2n+1)

Ex:
Alkanes

PROPYLS
CH3-CH2-CH3
Alkanes
BUTYLS

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
Alkanes
BUTYLS

CH
 3
CH3-CH-CH3
Alkanes
Write the structure of

Tetramethylbutane
Alkanes
Write the structure of

4-tert.Butyl-3-iodoheptane
Alkanes

Write the structures of all compounds

possible with the molecular formula C5H11Cl
Alkanes
›

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 ›
Alkanes

CH
 3
CH3-CH-CH2-CH3
Alkanes

CH
 3
CH3-C-CH
 3
CH3
Alkanes

Lecture-
4
Alkanes

BOND LINE
DIAGRAMS
Alkanes

BOND LINE DIAGRAMS

Alkanes

 

Alkanes
Alkanes
Alkanes
Alkanes
Write condensed and bond line diagrams for

2,2,4-triMethylpentane
Alkanes
Write the Bondline formula of
Isopropylalcohol
Alkanes
Write structures of each of the following compounds. Why are
the given names incorrect? Write correct IUPAC names.

(i) 2-Ethylpentane
(ii) 5-Ethyl – 3-methylheptane
Alkanes
Which of the following choices is the correct IUPAC name for the molecule below
Alkanes
Which of the following choices is the correct IUPAC name for the molecule below
Alkanes
Which of the following choices is the correct IUPAC name for the molecule below
Alkanes

End of Lecture-4
Alkenes
 Alkenes

UNSATURATED ALIFATIC HYDROCARBONS

CONTAIN ATLEST ONE DOUBLE BOND B/W 2 CARBON ATOMS ( C=C )

Alkenes
ETHENE
Alkenes

PROPENE
Alkenes

BUTENES
Alkenes

NOMENCLATURE
OF
ALKENES
Alkenes
Write IUPAC name of the following compound
Alkenes Write IUPAC name of the following compound
Alkenes
Write IUPAC name of the following compound
Alkenes
Write IUPAC name of the following compound
Alkenes
Write IUPAC name of the following compound
Alkenes
Write IUPAC name of the following compound
Alkynes
Write IUPAC name of the following compound

CH2 – CH = CH – CH2 – CH = CH – CH – CH2 – CH = CH2

|
C2H5
Lecture-
5
AlkYnes
 Alkynes

UNSATURATED ALIFATIC HYDROCARBONS

CONTAIN ATLEST ONE TRIPPLE BOND B/W 2 CARBON ATOMS

Ethyne
H‒C≡C‒H
Carbon-carbon sigma (σ) bond is obtained by the head-on
Overlapping of the two sp hybridised orbitals of the two
carbon atoms.
Ethyne
The 2p orbitals of one carbon atom are parallel to the 2p orbitals
of the other carbon atom, which undergo lateral or sideways
overlapping to form two pi (π) bonds between two carbon atoms.
 Alkynes
Electron cloud between two carbon atoms is cylindrically symmetrical
about the internuclear axis.

Thus, ethyne is a linear molecule.

The strength of C≡C bond (bond enthalpy 823 kJ mol-1) is more than
those of C=C bond (bond enthalpy 681 kJ mol–1) and C–C bond
(bond enthalpy 348 kJmol–1).
The C≡C bond length is shorter (120 pm) than those of C=C (133 pm)
and C–C (154 pm).
Alkynes

Also called ACETYLENES

General Formula CnH2n-2
Alkynes
Propyne
Alkynes Butynes
 Alkynes
CHALLENGE
Write structures of different isomers corresponding to the
5th member of alkyne series. Also write IUPAC names of
all the isomers. What type of isomerism is exhibited by
different pairs of isomers?
Alkynes

1. C≡- C-C-C-C-C

2. C-C ≡- C-C-C-C
Alkynes

3. C-C-C ≡- C-C-C
Alkynes

4. C ≡
- C-C-C-C

5. C≡- C-C-C-C
Alkynes

6. C-C ≡- C-C-C
7. C-≡ C - C-C
Functional Group
ALCOHOL
-OH is called ALCOHOL FUNCTIONAL GROUP

IUPAC NAME : ALKANOL

ALCOHOL TRY THIS
WRITE THE STRUCTURES ALL POSSIBLE
ALCOHOLS WITH THE FORMULA C4H9OH
ALDEHYDES
-CHO is called ALDEHYDE FUNCTIONAL GROUP
STRUCTURE OF ALDEHYDE

O
‖C › sp 2

H
NOMENCLATURE OF ALDEHYDE
IUPAC NAME : ALKANAL
The longest, continuous carbon chain
containing aldehydic group is chosen. The
number of carbonyl atom is always 1.
NOMENCLATURE OF ALDEHYDES
S. I.U.P.A.C. name
Compound Common name
No. (Alkanal)
1. H – CHO Formaldehyde Methanal
2. H3 C– CHO Acetaldehyde Ethanal

3. H3C – CH2 – CHO Propionaldehyde Propanal

4. H3C – CH2 – CH2 – CHO n–Butyraldehyde Butanal

5. H3C – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CHO n–Valeraldehyde Pentanal

CH3 –Methyl
6. 4 3 2 1
H3C – CH2 – CH – CHO butyraldehyde 2 – Methylbutanal
KETONES
C=O is called KETONE FUNCTIONAL GROUP
STRUCTURE OF KETONES

O
‖C › sp 2
NOMENCLATURE OF KETONES
IUPAC NAME : ALKANONE
 Nomenclature of Ketones
S.
Compound Common name
No.

1. CH3 – CO – CH3 Acetone/dimethyl Propanone

ketone

2. CH3 – CO – CH2 – CH3 Ethyl methyl Butan -2 -one

ketone

1 2 3 4 5
3. CH3 – CH2 – CO – CH2 – CH3 Diethyl ketone Pentan – 3 – one
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
-COOH is called CARBOXYLIC ACID FUNCTIONAL GROUP
 STRUCTURE OF CARBOXYLIC ACID
O
‖C › sp 2

OH
IUPAC NAME : ALKANOICACID
 STRUCTURE COMMON NAME IUPAC NAME
HCOOH Formic acid Methanoic acid
CH3COOH Acetic acid Ethanoic acid
CH3CH2COOH Propionic acid Propanoic acid
CH3CH2CH2COOH Butyric acid Butanoic acid
(CH3) 2CHCOOH Isobutyric acid 2Methylpropanoic acid
HOOC-COOH Oxalic acid Ethanedioic acid
HOOC –CH2-COOH Malonic acid Propanedioic acid
HOOC -(CH2) 2-COOH Succinic acid Butanedioic acid
HOOC -(CH2) 3-COOH Glutaric acid Pentanedioic acid
HOOC -(CH2) 4-COOH Adipic acid Hexanedioic acid
 DERIVATIVES
OF
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
ESTERS
-COOR is called ESTER FUNCTIONAL GROUP
O O

‖C ‒OH
‖C
+OR
OH OR

IUPAC NAME : ALKYL ALKANOATE

ACID AMIDES
-CONH2 is called AMIDE FUNCTIONAL GROUP
O O

‖C ‒OH
‖C
+NH2
OH NH2

IUPAC NAME : ALKANAMIDE

ACID HALIDES
-COX is called ACID HALIDE FUNCTIONAL GROUP
O O

‖C ‒OH
‖C
+Cl
OH Cl

IUPAC NAME : ALKANOYL CHLORIDE

ACID ANHYDRIDES

-COOCOR is called ACIDANHYDRIDE FUNCTIONAL GROUP

O O O
‖C ‒OH
‖C ‖C
+OCOR
OH O R

IUPAC NAME : ALKANOICANHYDRIDE

ACID ANHYDRIDES
O
O
C
C R O
R OH -H2O
C
R
O + O
C
R OH
AMINES
They are derivatives of AMMONIA
CLASSIFICATION
OF
AMINES
1ᶿ AMINES
‒H RNH2
NH3
+R

IUPAC NAME : ALKANAMINE

2ᶿ AMINES
‒2H R2NH
NH3
+2R

IUPAC NAME :N-ALKYL ALKANAMINE

3ᶿ AMINES
‒3H R 3N
NH3
+3R

IUPAC NAME :N,N-diALKYL ALKANAMINE

Lecture-7
CYCLO ALKANES

SATURATED ALICYCLIC HYDRO CARBONS

General Formula : CnH2n

 CYCLO ALKANES

Cyclopropane Cyclobutane

Cyclopentane Cyclohexane
CYCLO ALKANES
Degree of unsaturation =1
Cyclo Alkanes are isomers with ALKENES
They are called Ring – Chain isomers
Write the structure of all possible cyclo Alkanes
with the molecular formula C5H10
 CYCLO ALKENES

UNSATURATED ALICYCLIC HYDRO CARBONS

General Formula : CnH2n-2

 CYCLO ALKENES

Cyclopropene Cyclobutene

Cyclopentene Cyclohexene
CYCLO ALKENES
Degree of unsaturation =2
Cyclo Alkenes are isomers with ALKYNES
They are called Ring – Chain isomers
Write the structure of all possible isomers with
the molecular formula C4H6
 O
OH
‖ CH3

Br CH3
Cl
 CH3
CHO COOH
 Organic compounds

open chain closed chain

saturated unsaturated Homocyclic Heterocyclic

Hetero- Hetero-
Alicyclic Aromatic alicyclic aromatic

Benzenoid Non-Benzenoid

Benzenoid Non-Benzenoid
BiCyclo Compounds
A bicyclic molecule (bi = two, cycle = ring) is a molecule
that features two joined rings.
Three modes of ring junction are possible for a
bicyclic compound:[3
Spirocyclic Compounds
In spirocyclic compounds, the two rings share only one single atom,
the spiro atom, which is usually a quaternary carbon.
 Bridged Bicyclic Compounds
In fused bicyclic compounds, two rings share two adjacent atoms. In
other words, the rings share one covalent bond, i.e. the so-
called bridgehead atoms are directly connected
Fused Bicyclic Compounds
In bridged bicyclic compounds, the two rings share three or more
atoms, separating the two bridgehead atoms by a bridge containing
at least one atom.
NOMENCLATURE OF BICYCLO COMPOUNDS
The total number of carbon atoms in the
molecule is used as the parent name
The carbon atoms common to both
rings are called bridgeheads
Each bond, or each chain of atoms, connecting
the bridgehead atoms is called a bridge.
Use brackets to denote the number of carbon atoms
in each bridge (in order of decreasing length).
bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane bicyclo[4.2.0]octane

bicyclo[1.1.0]butane
≡
bicyclo[2.2.2]octa ne
If substituents are present, number the bridged ring system
beginning at one bridgehead, proceeding first along the
longest bridge to the other bridgehead, then along the next
longest bridge back to the first bridgehead. The shortest
bridge is numbered last:
7-Methylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane
 Br

7-bromo-3,5-diethyl-2-isopropyl-1-methylbicyclo[3.2.0]heptane
Camphor

1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one
bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane
IUPAC name of the following compound is
Which of the following compounds has the
wrong IUPAC name?

(a) CH3 -CH2 -CH2– COO – CH2CH3 ethyl butanoate

IUPAC name of the following compound is
IUPAC name of the following compound is
IUPAC name of the following compound is
The total no of amines possible with the formula
C4H11N are
 CYANIDES
-CN is called CYANIDE FUNCTIONAL GROUP

IUPAC NAME : ALKANENITRILE

 ISO CYANIDES
-NC is called ISOCYANIDE FUNCTIONAL GROUP

IUPAC NAME : ALKANECARBYLAMINE

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