INDEPENDENT WORK TOPIC;

ANEMIA…

SUBMITTED TO ; MAM CHOLPON

SUBMITTED BY; MUHAMMAD HANZALA..

 DEFINITION-
 Anemia is a decrease in the RBC count, hemoglobin and/or Hematocrit
values resulting in a lower ability for the blood to carry oxygen to body
tissues.
 Normal
 Anemia
 Red blood cell
 White blood cell
 Red blood cell
 White blood cell
 INCIDENCE
 The estimated prevalence of anemia in developing countries is 39% in children <5
years, 48% in children 5-14 years, 42% in women 15-59 years, 30% in men 15-59
years, and 45% in adults >60 years .
 These staggering figures have important economic and health consequences for low-
and middle-income countries.
 RISK FACTORS
 A diet lacking in certain vitamins
 Intestinal disorders
 Menstruation
 Pregnancy
 Chronic conditions
 CAUSES
 The body doesn't make enough red blood cells
 Bleeding causes to lose red blood cells more quickly than they can be replaced
 Body destroys red blood cells
 Inherited conditions, such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia
 Stressors such as infections, drugs, snake or spider venom, or certain foods
 Toxins from advanced liver or kidney disease
 Inappropriate attack by the immune system (called hemolytic disease of the newborn
when it occurs in the fetus of a pregnant woman)
 Vascular grafts, prosthetic heart valves, tumors, severe burns, exposure to certain
chemicals, severe hypertension, and clotting disorders
 In rare cases, an enlarged spleen can trap red blood cells and destroy them before
their circulating time is up.
 TYPE;
 Olron deficiency anemia
 Megaloblastic anemia
 Pernicious anemia
 Hemorrhagic anemia
 Hemolytic anemia
 Thalassemmia
 Sickle cell anemia
 Aplastic anemia
 TYPE;
 Iron deficiency anemia
 * excessive loss of iron .
 Women are at risk. -- For menstrual blood and growing fetus.
 Megaloblastic anemia
 Less intake of vitamin B 12 and folic acid.
 Red bone marrow produces abnormal RBC. e.g cancer drugs
 •Pernicious anemia
 * Inability of stomach to absorb vitamin B 12 in small intestine.
 CONTI...
 •Hemorrhagic anemia
 * Excessive loss of RBC through bleeding, stomach ulcers, menstruation
 •Hemolytic anemia
 RBC plasma membrane ruptures.
 may be due to parasites, toxins, antibodies.
 • Thalassemia
 * Less synthesis of hemoglobin Found in population of Mediterranean sea.
 Sickle cell anemia
 * Hereditary blood disorder, characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape.
 •Aplastic anemia
 & destruction of red bone marrow
 * caused by toxins, gamma radiation.
 SYMPTOMS
 Anemia signs and symptoms vary depending on the cause of anemia. They
may include:
 Fatigue
 Weakness
 Pale or yellowish skin
 Irregular heartbeats
 Shortness of breath
 Dizziness or lightheadedness
 Chest pain
 Cold hands and feet
 Headache
 DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
 Complete blood count (CBC).
 A test to determine the size and shape of your red blood cells
 Bone marrow biopsy
 Kidney function test
 Stool test:
 COMPLICATIONS-
 Severe fatigue
 Pregnancy complications.
 Heart problems
 Death
 PREVENTION
 Eat a vitamin-rich diet
 Iron
 Vitamin B-12.
 Vitamin C.
 Consider a multivitamin
 Consider genetic counseling
 Prevent malaria
 MEDICAL MANAGEMENT-
 Iron-deficiency anemia: Iron supplements and dietary changes can
help, and, when relevant, a doctor will identify and address the
cause of excessive bleeding.
 Vitamin deficiency anemia: Treatments
 can
 include
 dietary
 supplements and vitamin B-12 shots.
 Thalassemia: Treatments include folic acid supplements, iron
chelation, and, for some people, blood transfusions and bone
marrow transplants.
 NURSING MANAGEMENT
 Nursing Assessment
 The assessment of anemia involves:
 Health history and physical exam.
 Medication history.
 History of alcohol intake.
 Family history.
 Athletic endeavors. Nutritional assessment.
 NURSING DIAGNOSIS
 Based on the assessment data, major nursing diagnosis for
patients with anemia include:
 Fatigue related to decreased hemoglobin and diminished
oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
 Altered nutrition, less than body requirements, related to
inadequate intake of essential nutrients.
 Altered tissue perfusion related to insufficient hemoglobin
and hematocrit.
 PLANNING & GOALS
 The major goals for a patient with anemia include:
 Decreased fatigue
 Attainment or maintenance of adequate nutrition
 Maintenance of adequate tissue perfusion
 Compliance with prescribed therapy
 Absence of complications
 NURSING INTERVENTIONS
 To manage fatigue:
 Prioritize activities. Assist the patient in prioritizing activities and
establishing balance between activity and rest that would be acceptable to
the patient.
 Exercise and physical activity. To maintain adequate nutrition:
 Diet. The nurse should encourage a healthy diet that is packed with
essential nutrients.
 Alcohol intake. The nurse should inform the patient that alcohol interferes
with the utilization of essential nutrients and should advise the patient to
avoid or limit his or her intake of alcoholic beverages.
 CONTI…
 To maintain adequate perfusion:
 Blood transfusion monitoring. The nurse should monitor the
patient's vital signs and pulse oximeter readings closely.
 To promote compliance with prescribed therapy
 Enhance compliance. The nurse should assist the patient to
develop ways to incorporate the therapeutic plan into
everyday activities.
 EVALUATION
 Included in the expected patient outcomes are the following:
 Reports less fatigue.
 Attains and maintains adequate nutrition.
 Maintains adequate perfusion.
 • Absence of complications.