10.

Assessment

• Assignment 25%
• Test 30%
• Final Exam 45%
 Chapter 1
Introduction
 Intro.

• Purpose of this course is to present, as clearly and completely as

possible the internal working, structuring, and implementation
of a modern-day computer system.
• This task is a challenging for two reasons.
• variety of products
• From single-chip microcomputers costing a few dollars to supercomputers costing
tens of millions of dollars
• rapid pace of change that has always characterized computer technology

• certain fundamental concepts that apply consistently throughout

…
 Architecture & Organization

• Computer Architecture refers to those attributes of a system that have a

direct impact on the logical execution of a program.
• things the system can do/visible for the programmer
• Computer architecture deals with 'What to do?'
• It provides the functional details and behavior of a computer system and comes before
computer organization.
• It is a blueprint for design and implementation of a computer system.

• Examples:
• the instruction set
• the number of bits used to represent various data types
• I/O mechanisms
• memory addressing techniques
 Computer Organization

• Computer Organization refers to the operational units and their

interconnections that realize the architectural specifications.
• It implements the provided computer architecture
• Computer organization deals with 'How to do?'
• Examples – attributes include those hardware details transparent to the programmer
• control signals
• interfaces between computer and peripherals
• the memory technology being used

• e.g.Is it architectural design issue or Organizational issue?

• will the computer have a multiply instruction?
• will that instruction be implemented by a special multiply unit or by a mechanism that makes
repeated use of the add unit of the system
 Architecture & Organization contd..

• Many computer manufacturers offer a

family of computer models, all with the
same architecture but with differences
in organization.
• different models in the family have
different price and performance
characteristics.
• Furthermore, a particular architecture
may span many years and encompass
several different computer models, its
organization changing with changing
technology.
 Architecture vs Organization

Computer Architecture Computer Organization

Computer architecture explains what a computer should Computer organization explains how a computer works.
do.

Computer architecture provides functional behavior of Computer organization provides structural relationships
computer system. between parts of computer system.

Computer architecture deals with high level design. Computer organization deals with low level design.

Computer architecture is designed first.

Computer organization is started after finalizing computer
architecture.
 Structure & Function

• A computer is a complex system; contemporary

computers contain millions of elementary electronic
components.
• It’s easier to describe it from the top down.
• We begin with the major components of a computer,
describing their structure and function, and proceed to
successively lower layers of the hierarchy.
• Structure is the way in which components relate to each other
• Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure
 Function

• All computer functions are:

• Data processing : able to process data which may take a wide variety of
forms and the range of processing.
• Data storage : store data either temporarily or permanently
• Data movement : move data between itself and the outside world
• Control: there’s a control of the above three functions.
Functional View
Operations (a) Data
movement
Operations (b)
Storage
Operation (c) Processing
from/to storage
Operation (d) Processing from storage to I/O
The Computer
Structure - Top Level

Peripherals Computer

Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit

Computer
Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
lines
Structure - The CPU

CPU

Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Login Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection

Control
Unit
Structure - The Control Unit

Control Unit

CPU
Sequencing
ALU Logic
Control
Internal
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders

Control
Memory
?