Pres-05 Sampling Frames and Sample Design

Sampling Frames and
Sample Design
Pres. 5
United Nations Regional Workshop on the 2010 World Programme on Population and Housing Censuses:
Census Evaluation and Post Enumeration Surveys, Bangkok, Thailand, 10-14 May, 2010
Sample Frames & Sample Design
Frames: Material from which a sample is drawn
 Each unit to be included in the universe

 There should be no duplicates
 Each unit should be well defined and distinguishable
from other units (it should be unique)
 Should be updated
 For PES first stage units Primary Sampling Units
(PSUs), in many countries area clusters
Sampling Strategies
 Probability household surveys
 It is usual to make inferences in a PES for a number of analytical
domains
 Relatively large samples necessary in each domain for reliable
estimates
 Stratified cluster sample design-common
 First-stage units–area clusters/EAs
 PPS systematic sample selection
 Second-stage, common to canvass all persons in selected
households
Importance of Stratification
 Population subdivided into heterogeneous groups that are
internally homogenous
 Stratification based on variables correlated with the extent
of coverage-geopolitical subdivisions
 Internal homogeneity can be maintained with regard to
socio-demographic variables e.g. urban stratum
 Common strata may include: rural, urban, provinces etc.
Multi-stage Cluster Sampling
 Usually used when sampling hierarchical populations

 The hierarchical levels are called stages
 First stage units are called primary sampling units (PSUs)
e.g. EAs
 Second stage units are called secondary sampling units
(SSUs) e.g. households
 Last stage units are called ultimate sampling units (USUs) e.g.
persons within households which can be selected from EAs
Why Area sampling?
 At national level only a frame of EAs is required

 Data collection is more efficient
 Lower costs compared to simple random sampling (SRS)
 Supervision is easier
 However, estimates are prone to higher variability
compared to SRS
Choices of PSUs
 Must have clearly identifiable and stable boundaries

 Must completely cover the relevant population
 Preferably must have measures of size
 They should be mapped
 Must cover the whole country
 The number of PSUs must be relatively large
Common problems with EAs
 Incomplete coverage
 Inadequate maps
 Poor measures of size or lack of them
PES sample design
 A single-stage stratified clustered sample design is

commonly adopted
 When the PSUs i.e. EAs are selected all households in
selected EAs are canvassed, or more rarely only a
sample (e.g. 1 every 5).
 This is beneficial for matching operation
Sample Size
Sample size depends on estimate requirements

 Geographic level (national, province, urban/rural)
 Demographic (sex, age)
 Reliability
 Confidence level
Sample Size
 To estimate sample size in the case of proportions you
must:
 Know the occurrence of the event in the population by
domain of estimation
 Specify a confidence interval (e.g 95%)
 Specify the margin of error or precision (e.g 1%)
Sample Size (contd.)
 To estimate sample size in the case of proportions, the
following formula can be used:
 n s 2
( y ) 

P Y  t1 (1  )  (1   )
 N n  

Y estimated value
n sample size
t1 value of t that cuts  % area in tails of a normal distributi on curve
N size of total population
s 2 ( y)
estimated variance of the proportion to estimate
n
Sample size (contd.)
 From that it is deduced :
n s 2 ( y)
m  t1 (1  ) is the precision in points of %
N n
s 2 ( y )  pq, binomial distribution
n
1  1
N
then
pq
n  t 21 2
m
 Example:
 To estimate percentage of households omitted in the census
(expected about 5%); confidence interval at 95% (t=1.96) for a
margin of error of 2 %
 The sample size works out to be:
pq 2 5 x95
nh  t 2 2
 (1.96) 2
 456
m 2
 Adjusting for non-response, e.g. 10%: 456
 507
0.90
 Adjusting for the design effect for a complex sample

design
 Design effect of 2 is a default value : 2 x 507 =1,014
 This may apply to each province (analysis) domains. If they
are five provinces
 Sample size will be 5 x 1,014 = 5,070
Sample selection procedures
 For greater convenience and efficiency, the sample of

PSUs should be selected using a systematic procedure.
 If there are good measures of size, probability
proportional to size (PPS) should be used to increase the
efficiency of the sample design.
 Otherwise, the selection should be made with equal
probabilities
Sample selection procedures -- PPS
 1) Order the EAs geographically (and, if applicable, by
other stratification characteristic) to allow implicit stratification
 2) Record for each EA i of the stratum h the measure of
size Mhi, typically the number of households or persons from the
census mapping operation
 3) Cumulate the size measures down the list of EAs, the
last cumulated number will be equal to the total number of
households (or persons) in stratum h (Mh)
 4) Determine the number of EAs (nh) to be selected in a
stratum according to the allocation
Sample selection procedures –- PPS (contd.)
 5) Determine the sampling interval (I h) by:
 6) Obtain a random number (A h) between 1 and Ih

inclusively;
 7) Determine the selected EAs as follows:

 Shi=Ah + (i-1) x Ih, for i = 1,...,nh, rounded up to the next integer
 The i-th EA selected will be the one for which the cumulated
measure is closest to S hi without exceeding it.
Illustration: Selection of Eight EAs with
probability Proportional to size
Sample Allocation – 2009 Kenyan PES
Thank You!

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Sampling Frames and

 Each unit to be included in the universe

 Usually used when sampling hierarchical populations

 At national level only a frame of EAs is required

 Must have clearly identifiable and stable boundaries

 A single-stage stratified clustered sample design is

Sample size depends on estimate requirements

 Specify a confidence interval (e.g 95%)

 Specify the margin of error or precision (e.g 1%)

 Adjusting for the design effect for a complex sample

 For greater convenience and efficiency, the sample of

 5) Determine the sampling interval (I h) by:

 6) Obtain a random number (A h) between 1 and Ih

 7) Determine the selected EAs as follows:

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