SIGNAL PROCESSING

CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS

Franck Dufrenois Master TSI 1ère année

Signal classification: Analogue vs Digital
Signal classification: Deterministic vs random
Deterministic signal: a signal whose physical
description in known completely
• A deterministic signal is a signal in which each
value of the signal is fixed and can be determined
by a mathematical expression, rule, or table.
• Because of this the future values of the signal can
be calculated from past values with complete
confidence.
– There is no uncertainty about its amplitude
values
– Examples: signals defined through
mathematical function or graph
Random signal: the amplitude values cannot be
predicted precisely but are known only in terms
of probabilistic descriptors
• The future values of a random signal cannot be
accurately predicted and can usually only be
guessed based on the averages of sets of signals
– They are realization of a stochastic process for
which a model could be available
– Examples: EEG, evocated potentials, noise in
CCD capture devices for digital cameras
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Energy classification
Signal with finite or bounded energy
Total energy dissipated by s(t)

Total average power provided by s(t) Signal with finite average power

Periodic signal

Total average value of s(t)

Periodic signal
Frequential classification
Frequency domain representation - signal spectrum
For example, from the time-domain plot below it is clear
that the signal is periodic, with a period of about 0.02
seconds. However, few other features of the signal are
immediately clear.
The plot below shows the magnitude spectrum of the signal from
Fig. 3. It is now obvious that the signal is composed of only 5
frequency components, the magnitudes of which are inversely
proportional to frequency. As implied by the time-domain
periodicity, the spectral components are harmonically aligned.
From further analysis, we see the 5 components fall only
at odd integer multiples of the fundamental frequency.
Frequential classification

Bandwidth of a signal Speech/human voice signals

frequency ranges from 300 Hz to 3100 Hz. Therefore speech signal has
a bandwidth of 2800 Hz. For communication over telephone, device
and channel that are fit for carrying 2800Hz bandwidth signals should
be used.

Music signals
Music signals are generated from variety of instruments, so the
bandwidth of music signal depends upon the human ear i.e. human ear
can hear a signal up to 20 kHz bandwidth hence, the frequency range of
music signal is from 20 Hz to 20 kHz i.e. it has a bandwidth of 20 KHz
approximately.

Video signals
Video signals for transmission of pictures require 4.2 MHz of
bandwidth.
A TV signal contains both voice and picture therefore, it has a
bandwidth of 6 MHz for one station.
Frequential classification
Electromagnetic spectrum
Is the entire distribution of electromagnetic radiation according to frequency or wavelength. The entire electromagnetic spectrum,
from the lowest to the highest frequency (longest to shortest wavelength), includes all radio waves (e.g., commercial radio and
television, microwaves, radar), infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays. Nearly all
frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation can be used for spectroscopy.
Dimensional classification

1D signal: speech signal, acoustic signal,…

2D signal: grey level image

3D signal: RGB image

4D signal: video sequence

nD signal: multispectral image (satellite)