PLASTIC

WASTE
MANAGEMENT
SUBMITTED TO – Submitted by –
ROMA RANI MA’AM • ANKITA (002)
• URVI VARSHNEY (013)
 GROUP MEMBERS
Ankita URVI VARSHNEY
002 013

SITE –
Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility (TSDF)
At
BAWANA INDUSTRIAL AREA,NARELA,DELHI
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
On this great occasion of accomplishment of our project on PLASTIC
WASTE MANAGEMENT, we would like to sincerely express our
gratitude to Mrs. ROMA RANI, who has been supporting us throughout
the completion of this project.

We would also be thankful to our principal Prof. Manoj Kumar Khanna of

Ramjas College, University of Delhi for providing all the required
facilities in completion of this project.

Finally, as one of the team members, I would like to appreciate all my

group members for their support and coordination, I hope we will achieve
more in our future endeavors.
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INTRODUCTION
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
ROLE OF PLASTIC IN DAILY LIFE
C
O
 TYPES OF PLASTIC
 PLASTIC WASTE : A GLOBAL CONCERN
 PLASTIC WASTE GENERATION IN INDIA
 PLASTIC BY NUMBER: SOME KEY FACTS
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BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS , BIOPLASTICS , SINGLE USE PLASTIC
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF PLASTIC
HARM TO WILDLIFE
N
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WASTE PICKERS
SITE
METHODOLOGY & OBSERVATIONS
T
E
 WAYS TO REDUCE PLASTIC
 PLASTIC TO ROAD CONSTRUCTION
 TETRA PAK
 ADOPTION OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY
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PLASTIC AS AN ALTERNATE FUEL
CASE STUDY – SIKKIM & MAHARASHTRA
GREAT PACIFIC GARBAGE PATCH
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DISCUSSION &RESULT
CONCLUSION & SUGGESTIONS
REFERENCE
T
 INTRODUCTION
Plastic Waste Management means the collection , storage, transportation, reduction ,re-use, recovery ,
recycling , composting or disposal of plastic waste in an environmentally safe manner. Plastic means material
which contains as an essential ingredient like a huge polymer such as polythene terephthalate, high density
polythene , vinyl , low density polythene , polypropylene , polystyrene resins , multi materials like acrylonitrile
etc.

Plastic waste processors means recyclers and entities engaged in using plastic for energy (waste to energy) and
converting it to oil (waste to oil) .Recyclers are entities who are engaged in the process of recycling of plastic
waste and producers are those who are engaged in manufacture or import of carry bags.

Recycling means the process of transforming segregated plastic waste into a new product or raw material for
producing new products and reuse means using an object or resource material again for either the same
purpose or another purpose without changing the object's structure.
Use of recycled plastic means recycle d plastic , instead of virgin plastic , is used as raw material in the
process.
WASTE TO ENERGY means plastic waste for generation of energy and includes co-processing (e.g. in
cement)

It is an initiative to control the amount of plastic waste in the environment by adopting circular economy and
other environmental – friendly disposal solution. It aims to ban plastic products which affordable alternatives
are available, encourage plastic production with circular materials, and establish high uptake of recycled
plastics. Plastic waste management is a highly complex global issue and requires collaboration among
countries and communities to solve it. To date, there have already been several initiatives announced across the
world to control plastic waste and minimize the impact of plastic pollution.
 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
AIM-:
This project aims to establish environment-friendly plastic waste disposal solutions. In the
process it seeks to reduce the use of plastic bags and plastic products, and reduce plastic
littering across the state. The primary goal of plastic waste management is reducing and
eliminating adverse impacts of waste materials on human health and the environment to
support economic development and superior quality of life.

OBJECTIVES-:
 The main objective of this project is to emphasize the reduced use of plastic
and the beneficial management of plastic waste. This also includes alternative measures for the
substitution of the synthetic polymers.
 Efficient transformation of plastic into energy and fuel.
 Controlling the impact of plastic waste on the environment.
 Making our environment an eco- friendly zone.
 Promoting recycling of plastic polymers as a substitute for virgin plastic
 ROLE OF PLASTIC IN DAILY LIFE
Food
■ From polyvinylidene chloride (that wraps meats, fruits and vegetables) to high density polyethylene (molded into milk and juice containers) to polypropylene (most butter/margarine and yogurt containers), plastic
food packaging is specially designed to extend the shelf-life of food, change colors if the food is adulterated or spoiled, preserve the quality and nutrient content of food and prevent serious food-borne illnesses like
botulism.
■ Well before food arrives at our grocery stores, vinyl is used in agricultural weed barrier films and conveyor belts, as well as gloves used in food processing, food wrap, and can liners.
■ When being transported in refrigerated trucks, polyurethane foam, sandwiched between layers of copolymer plastics, provide the thermal insulation necessary to maintain cold temperatures at reasonable levels of
energy expenditure.

Health care
■ Polyvinyl chloride (vinyl) has been the material of choice for the health care industry for over 40 years. Over 25 percent of all medical plastics and over
70% of all disposable medical applications are made of vinyl, including blood and IV bags and the supporting tubing.
■ Examination gloves, intravenous containers, dialysis equipment, inhalation masks and thermal blankets are also made of vinyl or polyurethane.
■ Plastic syringes, used in hospitals and by millions of insulin-dependent diabetics at home, are made from polypropylene or acrylic.
■ Stethoscopes are made using polypropylene and polystyrene.
■ Thermoplastic polyurethane is used to make complex, robotic prosthetic limbs.
■ Polypropylene is used for lab ware, Petri dishes, IV and specimen bottles, food trays, bed pans, sharps containers and even nonwoven fabric for use in
diapers, wipes and gowns. Polypropylene has also been formulated to enable parts to undergo radiation sterilization and still retain sufficient physical
properties to perform as intended.

Shelter
■ A walk through your house will reinforce how excellent plastic is for both thermal and electrical insulation. Consider all the appliances, cords, electrical outlets and wiring that are made or
covered with polymeric materials.
■ Vinyl siding and PVC pipe for plumbing are obvious examples, but countertops and floor materials also may be made of plastic materials.
■ PVC pipe is corrosion resistant, has good chemical resistance, has tremendous strength to weight ratio, is resistant to wear and abrasion, provides watertight joints, is a good thermal insulator
and provides great flame resistance.
■ Fluoropolymers insulate wire and cable placed in the air space between a suspended ceiling and the structural floor above. Fluoropolymers play a key role due to their excellent durability in
fire situations to meet and exceed safety codes.
■ Plastic foam insulation expands to insulate mid-to larger-size areas of homes such as walls, attics and roofs. This insulation improves a home’s energy efficiency, and helps keep rooms at the
desired temperature.
■ Polyurethane foam is the foundation for seat cushions, office chairs, mattresses and pillows.
TYPES OF PLASTIC
The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc. (SPI)
introduced its resin identification coding system in
1988 at the urging of recyclers around the country.
The seven types of plastic include:
1. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE or PET)
2. High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
3. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
4. Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
5. Polypropylene (PP)
6. Polystyrene or Styrofoam (PS)
7. Miscellaneous plastics (includes:
polycarbonate, polylactide, acrylic, acrylonitrile
butadiene, styrene, fiberglass, and nylon
PLASTIC WASTE : A GLOBAL CONCERN
Plastics are not inherently bad, and they have many
Plastic products have become an integral part of our redeeming ecological features. Many of the techniques we
daily life as a result of which the polymer is produced utilize in our designs involve targeted use of plastic
products. Their durability and low maintenance reduce
at a massive scale worldwide. On an average,
material replacement, their light weight reduces shipping
production of plastic globally crosses 150 Million energy, their formulation into glue products allows for the
tonnes per year. Its broad range of application is in creation of engineered lumber and sheet products from
packaging films, wrapping materials, shopping and recycled wood, and their formulation into superior insulation
garbage bags, fluid containers, clothing, toys, and sealant products improves the energy performance of
household and industrial products, and building our structures. Once plastic is discarded after its utility is
materials. It is estimated that approximately 70% of over, it is known as plastic waste. It is a fact that plastic
is recyclable
waste but recycled
never degrades, and remain on landscape for several
plastic packaging products are converted into plastic products
years. Mostly, plastic wasteto
are more harmful
waste in a short span. Approximately 9.4 million TPA the environment as this
plastic waste is generated in the country, which contains additives and colors.
amounts to 26,000 TPD . Of this, about 60% is The recycling of a virgin
recycled, most of it by the informal sector. While the plastic material can be done 2-
recycling rate in India is considerably higher than the 3 times only, because after
every recycling, the plastic
global average of 20%, there is still over 9,400 tonnes
material deteriorates due to
of plastic waste which is either landfilled or ends up thermal pressure and its life
polluting streams. or groundwater resources. While span is reduced. Hence
some kinds
Only 60% of theof plastic
plastic doisnot
produced decompose
recycled, balance 9400 at all,ofothers
Tonnes plastic is recycling is not a safe and
couldlefttake
unattended in environment causing land, air and water pollution
up to 450 years to break down. The figure permanent solution for plastic
 PLASTIC WASTE
GENERATION
IN INDIA
According to the reports for year 2017-18, Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has estimated that
India generates approximately 9.4 Million tonnes per
annum plastic waste, (which amounts to 26,000 tones
of waste per day), and out of this approximately 5.6
Million tonnes per annum plastic waste is recycled
(i.e. 15,600 tonnes of waste per day) and 3.8 Million
tonnes per annum plastic waste is left uncollected or
littered (9,400 tonnes of waste per day)
While these stats are 38% higher than the
global average of 20%, there is no
comprehensive methods in place for plastic
waste management. Additionally, there is a
constant increase in plastics waste generation.
One of the major reasons for this is that 50% of
plastic is discarded as waste after single use.
This also adds to increase in the carbon
footprint since single use of plastic products
increase the demand for virgin plastic products.

Out of the 60% of recycled plastic :

• 70% is recycled at registered facilities
• 20% is recycled by Unorganized Sector
• 10% of the plastic is recycled at home.
Plastic by Number
SOME: KEY FACTS
•Half of all plastics ever manufactured have been made in the last 15
years.
•Production increased exponentially, from 2.3 million tons in 1950 to
448 million tons by 2015. Production is expected to double by 2050.
•Every year, about 8 million tons of plastic waste escapes into the
oceans from coastal nations. That’s the equivalent of setting five
garbage bags full of trash on every foot of coastline around the world.
•Plastics often contain additives making them stronger, more flexible,
and durable. But many of these additives can extend the life of products
if they become litter, with some estimates ranging to at least 400 years
to break down.
•Normally, Plastic items take up to 1000 years to decompose in landfills.
But plastic we use in our everyday life take 10-20 years to decompose ,
while plastic bottle take 450 years
 Biodegradable Plastic, Bioplastics
Single use plastic
• Biodegradable plastics are plastics that degrade (break down) upon exposure to sunlight or ultra-violet radiation;
water or dampness; bacteria; enzymes; or wind abrasion. Attack by insects, such as waxworms and mealworms,
can also be considered as forms of biodegradation. Aerobic degradation requires that the plastic be exposed at
the surface, whereas anaerobic degradation would be effective in landfill or composting systems. Some
companies produce biodegradable additives to enhance biodegradation. Although starch powder can be added as
a filler to allow some plastics to degrade more easily, such treatment does not lead to complete breakdown. Some
researchers have genetically engineered bacteria to synthesize completely biodegradable plastics, such as
polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB); however, these are relatively costly as of 2021

• While most plastics are produced from petrochemicals, bioplastics are made substantially from renewable plant
materials like cellulose and starch. Due both to the finite limits of fossil fuel reserves and to
rising levels of greenhouse gases caused primarily by the burning of those fuels, the development of bioplastics is a
growing field. Global production capacity for bio-based plastics is estimated at 327,000 tonnes per year. In contrast,
global production of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), the world's leading petrochemical-derived
polyolefins, was estimated at over 150 million tonnes in 2015

• Single-use plastics, often also referred to as disposable plastics, are commonly used for plastic packaging and include items intended
to be used only once before they are thrown away or recycled. These include, among other items, grocery bags, food packaging,
bottles, straws, containers, cups and cutlery, introduces the main polymers used to manufacture single use plastic items and
indicates their most common applications.
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF
PLASTIC Plastic was first invented in 1907, and given that it was
cheaper and more convenient than other materials, it
soon found use in varied ways in our daily lives. Today,
plastic is present in almost everything, from our money
to electronic appliances, and it is used across multiple
sectors, including packaging, building, construction,
transportation, industrial machinery and health among
others Plastic is versatile, lightweight, flexible, moisture
resistant, strong, and relatively inexpensive . Those are
the attractive qualities that lead us, around the world, to
such a voracious appetite and overconsumption of plastic
goods. However, durable and very slow to degrade,
plastic materials that are used in the production of so
many products, ultimately, become waste. Our
tremendous attraction to plastic, coupled with an
undeniable behavioral propensity of increasingly over-
consuming, discarding, littering and thus polluting, has
become a combination of lethal nature. The disposal of
plastics is one of the least recognized and most highly
problematic areas of plastic’s ecological impact.
Ironically, one of plastic’s most. desirable traits: its
durability and resistance to decomposition, is also the
source of one of its greatest liabilities when it comes to
the disposal of plastics. Natural organisms have a very
difficult time breaking down the synthetic chemical
bonds in plastic, creating the tremendous problem of the
material’s persistence. A very small amount of total
plastic production (less than 10%) is effectively recycled;
 last forever, and due to the same chemical composition,
plastic cannot biodegrade; it breaks down into smaller and
smaller pieces . When buried in a landfill, plastic lies
untreated for years. In the process, toxic chemicals from
plastics drain out and seep into groundwater, flowing
downstream into lakes and rivers. The seeping of plastic also
causes soil pollution and have now started resulting in
presence of micro plastics in soil.
 Pollution in Oceans The increased presence of plastic on the
ocean surface has resulted in more serious problems. Since
most of the plastic debris that reaches the ocean remains
floating for years as it does not decompose quickly, it leads to
the dropping of oxygen level in the water, severely affecting
the survival of marine species. Materials like plastic are non-
degradable which means they will not be absorbed and
recycled. When oceanic creatures and even birds consume
plastic inadvertently, they choke on it which causes a steady
decline in their population. The harmful. effects of plastic on
aquatic life are devastating, and accelerating. In addition to
suffocation, ingestion, and other macro-particulate causes of
death in larger birds, fish, and mammals, the plastic is
ingested by smaller and smaller creatures (as it breaks down
into smaller and smaller particles) and bio accumulates in
greater and greater concentrations up the food chain—with
humans at the top.
 Dangerous for human life : Burning of plastic results into
formation of a class of flame retardants called as Halogens.
Collectively, these harmful chemicals are known to cause the
following severe health problems: cancer, endometriosis,
neurological damage, endocrine disruption, birth defects and
child developmental disorders, reproductive damage,
 HARM TO WILDLIFE
• Millions of animals are killed by plastics every year, from
birds to fish to other marine organisms. Nearly 700
species, including endangered ones, are known to have
been affected by plastics. Nearly every species of seabird
eats plastics.
• Most of the deaths to animals are caused by entanglement
or starvation. Seals, whales, turtles, and other animals are
strangled by abandoned fishing gear or discarded six-pack
rings. Microplastics have been found in more than 100
aquatic species, including fish, shrimp, and mussels
destined for our dinner plates. In many cases, these tiny
bits pass through the digestive system and are expelled
without consequence. But plastics have also been found to
have blocked digestive tracts or pierced organs, causing
death. Stomachs so packed with plastics reduce the urge to
eat, causing starvation.
• Plastics have been consumed by land-based animals,
including elephants, hyenas, zebras, tigers, camels, cattle,
and other large mammals, in some cases causing death.
• Tests have also confirmed liver and cell damage and
disruptions to reproductive systems, prompting some
species, such as oysters, to produce fewer eggs. New
EXISTING VULNERABILITIES OF
WASTE PICKERS
According to solid waste
management rules 2016 waste
pickers are a formal or informal
group of people engaged in
collection,sorting,segregation of
waste to a living. The informal
waste pickers in India levels face
vulnerability and they operate in
a hazardous working
environment leading to various
health issues.
 SITE –
Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility (TSDF)
At
BAWANA INDUSTRIAL AREA,NARELA,DELHI
 METHODOLOGY
TECHNICAL MODEL FOR PLASTIC WASTE
RECYLING AND MANAGEMENT
 OBSERVATION
Waste Incineration
Waste incineration, or controlled burning, is typically considered as a disposal method, because it is usually
applied as a method of reducing the volume of miscellaneous municipal waste. However, incineration of plastics
can also be seen as recovery method, as plastics could replace the application of other oil based fuels

 CO-PROCESSING
• Segregation: The plastic shall be segregated manually into two major components i.e. dirty plastic not suitable
for granulation and plastic that can be used for granulation.
• Mechanized cleaning: Mechanized cleaning is done with some cleaning agents to remove any types of
hazardous substances in the drum. The cleaned drums can be re-used or further processing can be done based
on the requirement.
• Chopping: The washed drums are chopped into flakes for further processing.
• Drying: The plastic flakes are dried in a tumble dryer.
• Melting: The dried flakes are fed into an extruder, where heat and pressure melt the plastic. Different types of
plastics melt at different temperatures.
• Filtering: The molten plastic is forced through a fine screen to remove any contaminants that slipped through
the washing process. The molten plastic is then formed into strand
 WAYS TO MANAGE
Recycle Recycling and re-utilization of waste
 PLASTIC
Reduce- Plastic, of course, is uniquely problematic because it’s non-
biodegradable and therefore sticks around for a lot longer than the
plastics have several advantages. It leads to a
reduction of the use of virgin materials and of the
other forms of waste. Few small steps in day to day life would help to use of energy, thus also a reduction of carbon
keep plastics a possible out of the waste stream. Some of these steps dioxide emissions. Benefits of Recycling:
may include • Reduces Environmental Pollution • Energy
savings : 40 - 100 MJ/kg (depends on the polymer)
 Discourage the use of disposal plastics
• Economic Benefits
 Minimize Buying Water • Reduces demand for virgin polymer
• Preferred to Land Filling
 Minimize use of Plastics Cutlery
• Generates Employment
 Purchase item Second-hand • Reduces depletion of Fossil fuel reserves
 Support a bag Tax or Ban

Reuse is a step up from recycling. It diverts plastic and takes pressure off
the recycling services. In fact, reuse is the middle-man between reduce
and recycle, and some would be surprised at how many opportunities for
reuse there really are. One can reuse plastic-produce bags for
sandwiches, plastic grocery bags for small trash bags, and re-use plastic
silverware. Most people skip this step and go directly to recycling, but
reusing plastics can reduce the demand for new plastics to be created. For
instance, since refillable plastic containers can be reused for many times,
 Segregation of waste at source is also a very
important step in managing plastic waste
generated. There are several cities which
are excelling in this. In addition to
segregation of waste at source, some cities
have set up segregation centers in the entire
city to facilitate secondary segregation of
plastic waste into 25- 27 categories and
assist in recycling of plastic. A number of
recycling techniques of the plastics have
been collected which can be adopted by the
municipality in dealing the issue of plastic
waste. It includes technology like
 1. Mechanical Recycling
 2. Feedstock Recycling
 3. Plastic to Road Construction
 4. Plastic to Toilet / Pavement Blocks
 5. Recycling of Multi-layered plastic
MECHANICAL RECYLING
 PLASTIC TO ROAD CONSTRUCTION
 The implementation of plastics in roads opens
a new option for recycling post- consumer
plastics. Plastic roads are made entirely of
plastic or of composites of plastic with other
materials. The types of plastic that can be
used for construction of roads are Polystyrene
(PS) (Hard packaging, cartons, plates,
vending cups etc.); Polypropylene (PP)
(ketchup bottles, yogurt cups etc.);
Polyethylene (PE) (both high and low density)
(plastic bags, water bottle, shampoo bottle
etc.). Please note that Polyvinyl Chloride Plastic Bitumen Road Process
(PVC) sheets or Flux sheets should not be
used.
 TETRA PAK
Tetra Pak It is multinational food packaging and processing company of Swedish origin. The
company offers packaging, filling machines and processing for dairy, beverages, cheese, ice-cream
and prepared food, including distribution tools like accumulators, cap applicators, conveyors, crate
packers, film wrappers, line controllers and straw applicators

It has 6 layers of packaging. Tetra Pak was founded by Ruben Rausing and built on Erik Wallenberg’s
innovation, a tetrahedron shaped plastic-coated paper carton, from which the company name was
derived. Tetra Pak products have been identified as solid waste problem by many NGOs and
environmental groups. Unlike aluminum cans or glass bottles, it cannot be recycled in municipal
recycling facilities. However, since aseptic packages contain different layers of plastic and aluminum
in addition to raw paper, they cannot be recycled as “normal” paper waste, but need to go to special
recycling units for separation of the different materials, or if not recycled, can end up in landfills.
Products of Tetra Pak can be handled and recycled just like multi-layered plastics.

Case Study: Go Green Initiative

Tetra Pak India has come up with ‘Go Green’ initiative thereby encouraging recycling of cartons. It has partnered with McCann Health India for its
campaign ‘Cartons le aao, classroom banao’ (bring cartons and build a classroom), which encourages consumers to adopt green practices by
depositing used paper-based Tetra Pak cartons for recycling at collection centers. Such cartons can be used to make desks, notepads, exam pads and
even roofing sheets for the less privileged. The initiative is in line with its efforts to raise awareness and encourage recycling of used cartons and a
part of its on-going flagship programme ‘Go green with Tetra Pak.’ Since the beginning of the Go green campaign in 2010, 1.8 million cartons have
already been collected and recycled and 250 school desks have been provided to schools for the lesser privileged through this campaign. The
campaign is a multi-city one and the first leg in Mumbai has been undertaken in collaboration with retail chains Reliance Fresh, Reliance Smart and
Sahakari Bhandar and with NGO RUR Greenlife, a Mumbai-based environment organization at the forefront of promoting recycling. To take the
campaign message to Mumbaikars across the city, Tetra Pak has also tied up with the Dabbawala association as part of the campaign.
A circular economy aims to eliminate waste, not
just from recycling processes, but throughout the
lifecycles of products and packaging. A circular
economy aims to maximize value and eliminate
Adoption of
waste by improving the design of materials,
products and business models ‘Circular Economy’
A circular economy goes beyond recycling.
The goal is not just to design for better
end-of-life recovery, but to
minimize the use of raw materials
and energy through a restorative system.
In a circular economy, the value of
products and materials is maintained
for as long as possible. Waste is
minimized and resources are kept within
the economy when a product has
reached the end of its life, to be used
again to create further value
Plastic to Alternate Fuel
(Co-processing of Plastic Waste as Alternate Fuel and Raw Material (AFR) in cement Kilns and Power
Plants)
Co-processing refers to use of waste materials in industrial processes such as cement and power stations or
any other large combustion plants. Coprocessing indicate substitution of primary fuel and raw material by
waste, and/or material from waste. Waste material such as plastic waste used for coprocessing are referred to
as alternative fuels and raw material (AFR). Co-processing of plastic waste offers advantages for cement
industry as well as for the Municipal Authorities responsible for waste management.
On other hand, cement producers or power plants can save fossil fuel
and raw material consumption, contributing more
eco-efficient production.
In addition, one of the advantages of
recovery method is to eliminate the need
to invest on other plastic waste practices
and to secure land filling.
 Case Study: Sikkim
 First State to Ban Plastics Bottles & Disposable Foam Products Sikkim, which is often applauded for being one of the
cleanest states in India has now taken one more step to reduce its carbon footprint. In two recent notifications issued
by the state’s home department, the Sikkim government has decided to manage its waste in a more efficient and eco-
friendly manner by banning the use of plastic water bottles in all Government meetings and programmes. Further, it
has banned the use of disposable foam products across the entire state. A huge quantity of municipal waste is created
in the form of disposable products which are environmentally hazardous, and claim a lot of space in landfills. It was
found that a lot of disposable foam containers were being used not just in bazaar areas at food stalls, but also in rural
pockets. Owing to this, there is now a statewide ban on the use and sale of cups, plates, spoons, containers, and other
foam items. It is also stated that rampant use of packaged drinking water in departmental meetings and programmes
has led to the piling up of disposable plastic bottles that add an unnecessary burden on dump yards. Therefore, in
order to reduce creation of garbage in the form of used drinking water plastic bottles it is notified that the packaged
drinking water bottles may not be used during any government meetings or functions. The alternative proposed is to
switch to filtered water, water from large reusable dispensers or reusable water bottles at such government functions
and meetings. The government has been initiating various measures to manage the waste and maintain a clean
environment. Sikkim was also the first state in the country to ban the use of plastic bags in 1998.
 Altogether 18 States and Union Territories have taken initiative and imposed some kind of ban on plastic manufacture,
CASE STUDY : MAHARASHTRA

High plastic consumption rates and improper waste handling has increased the amount of environmental
pollution in India, with plastic litter becoming an eyesore in many places. Versova is a flat sandy Mumbai
beach with thick mangroves. It used to be an ignored strip of ocean near slums, used mostly as dumping
ground. In October 2015 Afroz Shah, a young Indian lawyer and environmentalist from Mumbai,
frustrated with the rotting waste on Versova beach, decided to act. Afroz Shah and his then 84-year-old
neighbour started cleaning up the beach themselves.
Since October 2015, Afroz Shah has inspired thousands of volunteers to join what he calls weekend
“dates with the ocean”. Shah started mobilizing residents by knocking on doors and explaining the
damages caused by marine litter. Over two years, using their hands, tractors and diggers, the volunteers
have removed 13,000 tons of waste, mostly plastics. This year, for the first time in over two decades, the
nesting and hatching of Olive Ridley turtles, a vulnerable turtle species, has taken place on Versova
beach.
However great the success of the weekly beach cleanups, there is still much more to do before the plastic
pollution problem on Versova beach can be considered resolved. A study found that the largest source of
pollution comes from the garbage that residents dump into nine creeks in Mumbai’s northwest suburbs,
which washes ashore and flows into the sea. This is aggravated by storm water drains that are open along
the coastline and carry even larger amounts of garbage during the monsoon season.
Beach clean-ups can be a powerful tool to achieve positive environmental impacts and community
engagement. To sustain the good results achieved through the cleanups, it is key to identify the main
sources of pollution and take action to resolve the issue at source. In most cases this links back to
establishing improved waste management systems and to education and awareness raising among local
communities
 Great Pacific Garbage Patch
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a collection of marine debris in the North Pacific Ocean. Also known as the Pacific trash vortex, the
garbage patch is actually two distinct collections of debris bounded by the massive North Pacific Subtropical Gyre.

Ocean plastic can persist in sea surface waters, eventually accumulating in remote areas of the world’s oceans. Here we characterize and
quantify a major ocean plastic accumulation zone formed in subtropical waters between California and Hawaii: The Great Pacific
Garbage Patch (GPGP). Our model, calibrated with data from multi-vessel and aircraft survey predicted at least 79 (45–129) thousand
tonnes of ocean plastic are floating inside an area of 1.6 million km; a figure four to sixteen times higher than previously reported. We
explain this difference through the use of more robust methods to
quantify larger debris. Over three-quarters of the GPGP mass was carried by debris larger than 5 cm and at least 46% was comprised of
fishing nets. Microplastics accounted for 8% of the total mass but 94% of the estimated 1.8 (1.1–3.6) trillion pieces floating in the area.
Plastic collected during our study has specific characteristics such as small surface-to-volume
ratio, indicating that only certain types of debris have the capacity to persist and accumulate at the surface of the GPGP. Finally, our
results suggest that ocean plastic pollution within the GPGP is increasing exponentially and at a faster rate than in surrounding waters.

Global annual plastic consumption has now reached over 320 million tonnes with more plastic produced in the last decade than ever
before A significant amount of the produced material serves an ephemeral purpose and is rapidly converted into waste. A small portion
may be recycled or incinerated while the majority will either be discarded into landfill or littered into natural environments, including
the world’s oceans While the introduction of synthetic fibers in fishing and aquaculture gear represented an important technological
advance specifically for its persistence in the marine environment, accidental and deliberate gear losses became a major source of ocean
plastic pollution Lost or discarded fishing nets known as ghost nets are of particular concern as they yield direct negative impacts on the
economy and marine habitats worldwide
Around 60% of the plastic produced is less dense than seawater. When introduced into the marine environment, buoyant plastic can be
transported by surface currents and winds, recaptured by coastlines, degraded into smaller pieces by the action of sun, temperature
variations, waves and marine life, or lose buoyancy and sink. A portion of these buoyant plastics however, is transported offshore and
enters oceanic gyres. A considerable accumulation zone for buoyant plastic was identified in the eastern part of the North Pacific
Subtropical Gyre. This area has been described as ‘a gyre within a gyre’ and commonly referred to as the ‘Great Pacific Garbage Patch’
DISCUSSION
Impact of plastic pollution SOCIAL COST-The social damage continuously being inflicted is inestimable as every sphere
of life get affected by it like tourism, recreation, business, the health of humans, animals, fish and birds.
HEALTH IMPACT-Plastic bags often provide breeding grounds for mosquitoes and pests thus increase the transmission
of vector- borne diseases like malaria.
Impact of plastic pollution EXUBERATING NATURAL DISASTER-Encroachment and clogging of city drainage with
plastic and solid waste often leads to suburban flooding e.g. Mumbai experiences annual flooding like situation during
monsoon season due to water clogging etc.
•The center's somewhat liberal estimate shows over 60% of about 25,000 tonnes of plastic waste generated daily
is collected. That essentially means a staggering 10,000 tones of trash is being released into the environment, a
lot of it is going into the sea. Also, not every piece of plastic collected is scientifically processed.
•Ganga- Brahmaputra- Meghna river system is on the UN map of 10 rivers worldwide that collectively carry bulk
of plastic waste into the oceans.
•The effects are evident- Plastic threatens marine life and well being of people, as microplastics are now found
even in drinking water.
•A plan is needed for plastic waste in packaging and manufacturing.
•India won global acclaim for its ”BEAT PLASTIC Pollution” resolve declared on World Environment Day last year,
under which it pledged to eliminate single- use plastic by 2022.So far, 22 States and Union Territories have
joined the fight, announcing a ban on single- use plastics such as carry bags, cups, plates, cutlery, straws and
thermocol products. Puducherry will implement a ban from March Where firm action has been taken, positive
results have followed. A Bengaluru waste collective estimates that the volume of plastic waste that they collect
dropped from about two tonnes a day to less than 100 kg.
 Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2016.
• Defines minimum thickness of plastic carry bags i.e., 50 microns. This would increase the cost and the tendency to provide free bags
would come down.
• Responsibility of local bodies: Rural areas are brought under the rules since plastic has reached rural areas as well. The gram Sabha's
have been given responsibility of implementation.
• Extended Producer Responsibility: Producers and brand owners have been made responsible for collecting waste generated from their
products.
• Producers are to keep a record of their vendors to whom they have supplied raw materials for manufacturing. This is to curb
manufacturing of these products in unorganized sector.
• Responsibility of waste generator: All institutional generators of plastic waste shall segregate and store their waste as per Solid
Waste Management Rules, and handover segregated wastes to authorized waste disposal facilities.
• Responsibility of street vendors and retailers: Not to provide such carry bags or fine would be imposed. Only the registered
shopkeepers on payment of a registration fee to local bodies would be allowed to give out plastic carry bags on charge.
• Promote the use of plastic for road construction or energy recovery.
• New central registration system- shall be established by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for the registration of the
producer/importer/brand owner
• The Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 are clear that producers, importers and brand owners must adopt a collect-
back system for the plastic they introduce into the environment.
• Delaying such a measure has created the anomalous situation of small producers of plastics facing the ban, while more organized
entities covered by the Extended Producer Responsibility clause continue with business as usual .
 Result
Integration of different technique. In India, mostly used
technique to cop- up with plastic waste is land filling. But govt of
India should implement best practices from foreign countries in a
better way.
Waste as resource – ‘Waste can be used as resource’.
There should be development of such technology which can use
waste as an energy source.
The benefit of plastic are undeniable, the material is cheap,
lightweight and easy to make. These qualities have led to a boom
in the production of plastic over the past century. This trend will
continue as global plastic production skyrockets over the next 10  There is a challenge here, though
to 15 years. We are already unable to cope with the amount of  The provision of the Plastic Waste Management Rules acquire manufacturers of
compostable bags to get a certificate from the Central Pollution Control Board.
plastic waste we generate, unless we rethink the way we but this has not stopped counterfeit products from entering the
manufacture use and manage plastics. Ultimately tackling one of market.
the biggest environmental scrouges of our time will require  Local bodies mandated under rules to ensure segregation, collection and transfer
of waste to registered recycles have spectacularly failed to fulfil their
government to regulate, businesses to innovate and individuals to responsibilities.
act.  The State Level Monitoring Committees provided for under the rules have not
Bans on single use plastic can be a step towards more been accountable.
 The waste management framework is dysfunctional, and Mr. Vardhan's
comprehensive policies aiming at reducing the generation of assertions on beating plastic pollution alone will not inspire confidence.
plastic waste and at replacing single use plastics with more  India and the world face a plastics crisis. Solving it will take more than slogans.
sustainable , environmental friendly alternatives.
 CONCLUSION
• As a major producer of plastic waste that ends up
in the oceans, India is arguably the best place to host World
Environment Day.
• Union Environment Minister Harsh Vardhan has Plastic waste management has assumed great
said the government means business, and the UN theme, significance in view of the urbanization activities.
“Beat Plastic Pollution”, will not remain an empty slogan. Plastic waste generated by the polymer manufacturers
• His claim would have inspired greater confidence at the production, extrusion, quality control and lab
had taken its own rules on waste management seriously. testing etc., stages as well as by the consumers require
• Both the Solid Waste Management Rules and the urgent disposal and recycling to avoid health hazards.
Plastic Waste Management Rules of 2016, which built on Various strategies are being devised to mitigate the
previous regulations, mostly remain on paper. impact of plastic waste in India.
• State governments have simply not given them the
necessary momentum and the producers of plastic articles
that are invariably used just for a few minutes have shown a
little concern about their negative environmental impact.
 SUGGESTIONS
•Governments should show the same resolve here, as they have done in
imposing the ban
•It will take a paradigm shift in the manner, in which waste is collected
and handled by municipal authorities to change this.
•Governments must start charging the producers for their waste, and
collect it diligently, which will lead to recovery and recycling.
•At the very least, local bodies should consult manufacturers or importers
to assess the problem.
•Cities and towns need competent municipal systems to achieve this.
•Again, there is little doubt that plastics play a major role in several industries, notably in the automotive,
pharmaceutical, health care and construction sectors.
•But it is the fast moving consumer goods sector that uses large volumes of packaging, posing a higher order
challenge. This calls for urgent action
• Enacting strong policies that push for a more circular model of design and production of plastic for
achieving India’s commitment to eliminate all single use plastic in the country by 2022.
• Encouraging Public – private partnerships and voluntary agreements as an alternative to bans as it
would allow citizens time to change their consumption patterns and provide an opportunity for affordable
and eco friendly alternatives.
 Policy push: Implementing UN Environment 10- step roadmap for governments to curb single
plastic usage
 Achieving SDG: Concerted effort on reducing the impact of plastic pollution will help in achieving
number of SDG goal viz SDG-3, SDG11
and SDG-14
 Promoting Green Social Responsibility: concept to sensitize citizen and encourage
them to be more sustainable in their approach through behavioral change by shifting to a production
and consumption system that in smart, innovative and sustainable bases on efficiencies across the entire
life cycle of the product.
 Promoting bioplastics as they can be easily decomposes and have
higher biodegradability.
 Exploring Alternatives like biodegradable materials such as reused
cotton or jute bags, casein (main protein in milk)which can be used to make a biodegradable material
for use in insulation , packaging and
other products. According to Bloomberg it is 500 times better than conventional plastics at protecting
food from oxygen.
 Segregation of Waste: Waste should be segregated into biodegradable and non- degradable at point
of generation.
 Collection of waste door to door- state government should enhance their capacities to improve
collection and management of waste from 60% waste collection rate.
 Reward and punishment- There should be a provision for rewards for those which are playing
appreciating role in management of plastic waste and punishments should be given to those which
litter waste to pollute in form to fines.
 Road map for
policymakers:
10 step to consider
when
introducing
Bans or levies on
Single Use Plastic
 REFRENCES
 Niti Aayog-UNDP Handbook on Sustainable urban
plastic waste management
UN Environment – Single use plastics
Plastic waste management(Ministry of housing & urban
affairs-Government of India) (www.mohua.gov.in)
Pre-feasibility Report of proposed Treatment Storage &
Disposal facility (TDSF) of Tamil Nadu Waste
Management limited (TNWML)
PLASTIC WIKIPEDIA