19BIO103-INTELLIGECE IN

BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS-1
GROUP 16
ANALYSING COVID-19 DNA CELLS
GROUP MEMBERS • CB.EN. U4AIE20061-SABHARISH.A.L

• CB.EN. U4AIE20062- SAI ARAVIND

• CB.EN. U4AIE20063-SAI SANGAVI

• CB.EN. U4AIE20064 - R SAIVARSHA

OBJECTIVE
A PRELIMINARY ATTEMPT TO ANALYSE COVID-19 DNA CELLS AND FIND THE NUMBER OF
FUNCTIONAL PROTEINS
  A coronavirus is a kind of common virus that
causes an infection in your nose, sinuses, or
upper throat. Most coronaviruses aren't
dangerous.
 In early 2020, after a December 2019
outbreak in China, the World Health
Organization identified SARS-CoV-2 as a
HISTORY OF new type of coronavirus. The outbreak

COVID-19 quickly spread around the world.

 COVID-19 is a disease caused by SARS-
CoV-2 that can trigger what doctors call a
respiratory tract infection. It can affect your
upper respiratory tract (sinuses, nose, and
throat) or lower respiratory tract (windpipe
and lungs).
• SARS-CoV-2 is one of seven types of
coronavirus, including the ones that cause
severe diseases like Middle East respiratory
syndrome (MERS) and sudden acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS). The other
coronaviruses cause most of the colds that
affect us during the year but aren’t a serious
threat for otherwise healthy people.
• It spreads the same way other coronaviruses do,
mainly through person-to-person contact.
Infections range from mild to deadly.
 MRNA
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a single-stranded RNA
molecule that is complementary to one of the DNA
strands of a gene. The mRNA is an RNA version of the
gene that leaves the cell nucleus and moves to the
cytoplasm where proteins are made.
• During protein synthesis, an organelle called a ribosome
moves along the mRNA, reads its base sequence, and
uses the genetic code to translate each three-base triplet,
or codon, into its corresponding amino acid.
 MUTATIONS:
 RNA Viruses are more prone to changes and mutations compared with DNA viruses.
 Viruses carrying these mutations can then increase in frequency due to natural
selection, given the right epidemiological settings
 Since the virus was first identified a year ago, thousands of mutations have arisen.
 Coronavirus has mutated into 10 types.
 A2a started overtaking other types across the world by the March
It has become the dominant type of SARS-CoV2
 The coronavirus is classified into O, A2, A2a, A3, B, B1 etc…
 A mutation usually disables the virus from transmitting itself.
 However, some mutations enable the virus to transmit more efficiently and infect more
humans.
PROTEINS
• Proteins are among the most abundant organic molecules in living
systems and are way more diverse in structure and function than other
classes of macromolecules. A single cell can contain thousands of
proteins, each with a unique function. Although their structures, like
their functions, vary greatly, all proteins are made up of one or more
chains of amino acids.
AMINO ACIDS
• Amino acids are the monomers that make up
proteins. Specifically, a protein is made up of one
or more linear chains of amino acids, each of
which is called a polypeptide.
• There are 20 types of amino acids
commonly found in proteins.
 CODONS
Cells decode mRNAs by reading their nucleotides in groups of three, called codons. Here
are some features of codons:
• Most codons specify an amino acid
• Three "stop" codons mark the end of a protein
• One "start" codon, AUG, marks the beginning of a protein and encodes the amino acid
methionine
Codons in an mRNA are read during translation, beginning with a start codon and
continuing until a stop codon is reached. mRNA codons are read from 5' to 3’, and they
specify the order of amino acids in a protein from N-terminus (methionine) to C-
terminus.
 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Protein synthesis is process in which polypeptide chains are formed from coded
combinations of single amino acids inside the cell. The synthesis of new polypeptides
requires a coded sequence, enzymes, and messenger, ribosomal, and transfer ribonucleic
acids (RNAs). Protein synthesis takes place within the nucleus and ribosomes of a cell
and is regulated by DNA and RNA.
Genes that provide instructions for proteins are expressed in a two-step process:
• In transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is "rewritten" in RNA. In eukaryotes, the
RNA must go through additional processing steps to become a messenger RNA, or
mRNA.
• In translation, the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA is "translated" into a sequence
of amino acids in a polypeptide (protein chain).
CODE AND OBSERVATIONS
 RESULT:
• Total proteins found in Covid-19 DNA is 775 and 80 among
them are functional.
CONCLUSION:
• So, in this project we have analyzed the COVID-19 DNA
sequence data got as many insights regarding the proteins that
made it up. We found out that we got the number
of Leucine and Valines high in this protein which indicates a
good number of Alpha-Helices.
• Where LeucineL and Valines are aliphatic and extremely
hydrophobic essential amino acid in humans.
THANK YOU