Benchmarking Rwanda, Botswana and Singapore

Benchmarking Rwanda, Botswana and Singapore
By: Arslan Yousaf

Agenda
1. Foundational Factors

2. Social Factors
3. Economic and Energy Factors
Agenda 2
Foundational Factors
1. Foundational Factors
Foundational Factors 3
Foundational Factors - Flags
Country: Botswana Country: Rwanda Country: Singapore

Colours: Sky blue and black Colours: Ocean blue, green Colours: Red and white
The contrasting colours and yellow Red represent universal
show belief in racial The colours represent brotherhood, white
cooperation and equality peace, harmony and represents purity and
economic development crescent represent young
nation and the five stars
symbolizes democracy,
peace, progress and justice
Foundational Factors - Map
Country: Rwanda Country: Botswana Country: Singapore

Continent: Africa Continent: Africa Continent: Asia
Position: Landlocked Position: Landlocked Position: Strategic island
Size: 26,338 square Size: 581,730 square Size: 734.3 square
kilometers kilometers kilometers
Foundational Factors – Trade routes
 Country: Rwanda  Country: Botswana  Country: Singapore

 Type: Land and rail  Type: Land and rail  Type: Maritime
 Level: Local  Level: Local  Level: International
 Security: Dependent on  Security: Dependent on  Security: Global level
neighboring conditions neighboring conditions where threat of China vs
USA
Foundational Factors – Urban vs Rural size (2021)
Country Urban Size (%) Rural Size (%)

Rwanda 17.5 82.5
Botswana 71.5 28.5
Singapore 100 0
 As of the year 2021, Singapore’s 100% population

resides in urban land
Rwanda has most of its population living in rural
lands (82.5%), in contrast to Botswana which has
most of its population living in urban lands (71.5%)
Foundational Factors – Landscape (Rwanda)
Rwanda is mostly hilly, agricultural and forest type land

Known to be land of thousand hills
Foundational Factors – Landscape (Botswana)
Rwanda is mostly dried with African elephants

Known for Kalahari desert and Okavanga delta (drainage)
Foundational Factors – Landscape (Singapore)
Rwanda has little remains of nature, but has Flamingoes

It is mostly busy urban area
There is nature based urban living standards at some areas
Foundational Factors – Natural Resources
Country Main Natural Resources Climate conditions

Rwanda • Agricultural crops (coffee mainly) • Avg. Annual rainfall: 1170 mm
• Fishing • Avg. Temp. summer: 28 C
• Tungset • Avg. Temp. winters: 25 C
• Tin • Avg. Conditions: Lively
• Gold
Botswana • Livestock (cows and goats) • Avg. Annual rainfall: 468 mm
• Copper • Avg. Temp. summer: 34 C
• Bronze • Avg. Temp. winters: Near
• Diamonds freezing
• Gold • Avg. Conditions: Dry and humid
Singapore • Fruits (rumbutans and durians) • Avg. Annual rainfall: 250 mm

• Flowers (export quality) • Avg. Temp. summer: 36 C
• Avg. Temp. winters: 25 C
• Avg. Conditions: Humid
Foundational Factors – Ethnic Composition
Country Main Ethnic Composition

Rwanda • Hutu 84%
• Tutsi 15%
• Twa (Pygmoid) 1%
Botswana • Tswana (or Setswana) 79%
• Kalanga 11%
• Basarwa 3%,
• other, including Kgalagadi and people of European
ancestry 7%
Singapore • Chinese 74.2%
• Malay 13.7%
• Indian 8.9%, other 3.2%
Foundational Factors – Colonial history matrix
Features Rwanda Botswana Singapore

Colonial Period • German East Africa: 1884–1919 • Bechuanaland Protectorate: 1885– • British East India Company: 1819–
• Belgian Rwanda-Urundi: 1919– 1966 1824
1962 • Under British protection • Straits Settlements: 1826–1942
Colonial Rulers Germany and Belgium British British
Cultural Impact Heightened ethnic divisions Traditional Tswana culture preserved Diverse cultural influences due to
trade
Economic Exploitation • Forced labor Limited economic exploitation Thriving as trading post and port
• Forced coffee export
Borders defined Arbitrary borders set by colonial Borders largely maintained Geographical location influenced by
powers borders
Independence year 1962 (From Belgium) 1966 (from British) • 1963 (from Malaysia)
• 1965 (full independence)
Post colonial challenges Ethnic tensions leading to genocide Stable transition Rapid economic development
Economic challenges
Foundational Factors - Comparison of History
Independence Year 1962 1966 1965
Colonial History German/Belgian mandate, British Protectorate, relatively British colony, strategic trade
post-colonial ethnic tensions smooth post-colonial transition location
Post-Independence Rwandan Genocide in 1994, Stable post-colonial era, Rapid economic development,
Challenges followed by recovery and focused on economic stability nation-building
reconciliation
Economic Strategy Emerging from genocide, Leveraged diamond resources Transformation into a global
diverse economic development for economic stability economic and technological
efforts hub
Current Status Stable government, economic Stable democracy, economic Developed nation, global
growth, and social success with diamond financial and technological hub
development resources
Foundational Factors – Governance (local level)
Local Governance Structure Decentralized Unitary State Decentralized Unitary State Centralized Unitary State
Local Government Levels • Districts • Districts • Town Councils
• Sectors • Sub-districts • Community Development Councils
• Cells • Councils
District Level • District Executive Committee • District Commissioner • Mayoralties
• District Council • District Councils • Town Councils
Sector Level • Sector Executive Committees • Sub-district Councils Not applicable
Cell Level • Cell Executive Committees • Village Development Committees Not applicable
Local Government Functions • Local infrastructure development • Local infrastructure development • Town planning and development
• Public services • Education • Public health and sanitation
• Local economic development • Health • Community welfare
• Public safety
Local Leadership • District Councils (elected) • District Councils (elected) • Mayoralties (elected)
• Sector Executive Committees (appointed) • Sub-district Councils (appointed) • Town Councils (elected)
• Cell Executive Committees (elected) • Village Development Committees (elected) • Community Development Councils (appointed)
Election of Local Leaders • Direct elections at the district level • Direct elections at the district level • Direct elections for Mayoralties
• Indirect elections at the sector and cell levels • Direct elections at the village level • Direct elections for Town Councils
• Appointed members for Community
Development Councils
Central Government Role • Provides guidance and resources • Provides guidance and resources • Directly oversees and manages local affairs
Citizen Participation • Emphasizes citizen participation in decision-making through • Encourages citizen participation through local • Encourages citizen participation, but decision-
community meetings and participation in local elections elections and councils making is primarily centralized
Successes and Challenges • Success in local economic development and community • Success in providing basic services and • Success in urban planning and development
empowerment infrastructure at the local level • Challenges with limited political pluralism and
• Challenges with potential power imbalances at the local level • Challenges with limited local revenue sources centralized decision-making
Foundational Factors – Governance (national level) and policies
Form of Government Unitary presidential republic Unitary multiparty republic Unitary parliamentary republic
Head of State President Paul Kagame President Mokgweetsi Masisi President Halimah Yacob
Head of Government President Paul Kagame President Mokgweetsi Masisi Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong
Legislative Body Parliament (Chamber of Deputies & Senate) National Assembly Parliament (unicameral)
Electoral System Mixed-member proportional representation First-past-the-post Group Representation Constituency (GRC)
Judicial System Independent judiciary with Supreme Court Independent judiciary with High Court Independent judiciary with Supreme Court
Political Parties Dominated by the Rwandan Patriotic Front Dominated by the Botswana Democratic Party Dominated by the People's Action Party (PAP)
(BDP)
Decentralization Emphasis on decentralization and local Decentralized governance with district councils Centralized governance with limited
governance decentralization
Anti-Corruption Measures Strong emphasis on anti-corruption measures, Generally low corruption levels, with anti- Low corruption levels, strict anti-corruption
ranking high in global corruption indices corruption agencies measures
Economic Model Emphasis on economic development and poverty Stable and diversified economy with a focus on Highly developed and export-oriented, mixed
reduction, pursuing a market-oriented approach fiscal discipline economy with strong government intervention
Human Development Index (HDI) Moderate HDI ranking, with improvements in High HDI ranking, with a strong focus on Very high HDI ranking, with emphasis on
education and healthcare education and healthcare education, healthcare, and economic prosperity
Civil Liberties Improvements in civil liberties, but concerns Generally high levels of civil liberties and political High levels of civil liberties, with some restrictions
about political freedom and media freedom freedoms on political freedoms
Technological Advancements Investments in technology and ICT infrastructure Embracing technology with a focus on innovation Highly developed technological infrastructure and
a hub for innovation
Environmental Policies Focus on sustainable development and Active conservation efforts and policies Emphasis on environmental sustainability and
conservation efforts clean energy
Foundational Factors – Political Stability and Absence of Violence
Political Stability and Absence of Violence

Rwanda Singapore Uganda Tanzania Botswana Burundi
2
1.5
0.5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
Rwanda is gradually improving

Singapore and Botswana have maintained good stability
1. Social Factors
Social Factors 18
Social Factors: Urban and Rural Population
Urban and Rural Populati on (millions)

Rwanda Urban Population (millions) Rwanda Rural Population (millions) Botswana Urban Population (millions)
Botswana Rural Population (millions) Singapore Urban Population (millions) Singapore Rural Population (millions)
12000000
10000000
8000000
6000000
4000000
2000000
0
99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
 Singapore’s all population in urban

 Botswana’s urban population > rural population
 Rwanda’s rural population > urban population
Social Factors 19
Social Factors: Male – Population Pyramid(Rwanda)
Population Pyramid (Rwanda - 2030) Population Pyramid (Rwanda - 2050)
[100] [100]
[95-99] [95-99]
[90-94] [90-94]
[85-89] [85-89]
[80-84] [80-84]
[75-79] [75-79]
[70-74] [70-74]
[65-69] [65-69]
[60-64] [60-64]
[55-59] [55-59]
[50-54] [50-54]
[45-49] [45-49]
[40-44] [40-44]
[35-39] [35-39]
[30-34] [30-34]
[25-29] [25-29]
[20-24] [20-24]
[15-19] [15-19]
[10-14] [10-14]
[5-9] [5-9]
[0-4] [0-4]
20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 15% 10% 5% 0% 5% 10% 15%
%. Female % Male %. Female % Male
Rwanda has healthy outlook by 2030, and will have a lot of population
between 0 to 50 years old by 2050
Source: UNCTADstat. (n.d.). Retrieved November 3, 2023, from Social Factors 20
https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/dataviewer/US.PopAgeStruct
Social Factors: Male – Population Pyramid (Botswana)
Population Pyramid (Botswana - 2030) Population Pyramid (Botswana - 2050)
[100] [100]
[95-99] [95-99]
[90-94] [90-94]
[85-89] [85-89]
[80-84] [80-84]
[75-79] [75-79]
[70-74] [70-74]
[65-69] [65-69]
[60-64] [60-64]
[55-59] [55-59]
[50-54] [50-54]
[45-49] [45-49]
[40-44] [40-44]
[35-39] [35-39]
[30-34] [30-34]
[25-29] [25-29]
[20-24] [20-24]
[15-19] [15-19]
[10-14] [10-14]
[5-9] [5-9]
[0-4] [0-4]
15% 10% 5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10%
%. Female % Male %. Female % Male
Botswana will have more population between 40 to 55 years old by 2030,

and will continue to 2050
Social Factors 21
Social Factors: Male – Population Pyramid (Singapore)
Population Pyramid (Singapore - 2030) Population Pyramid (Singapore - 2050)

[100] [100]
[95-99] [95-99]
[90-94] [90-94]
[85-89] [85-89]
[80-84]
[80-84]
[75-79]
[75-79]
[70-74]
[70-74]
[65-69]
[60-64] [65-69]
[55-59] [60-64]
[50-54] [55-59]
[45-49] [50-54]
[40-44] [45-49]
[35-39] [40-44]
[30-34] [35-39]
[25-29] [30-34]
[20-24] [25-29]
[15-19]
[20-24]
[10-14]
[15-19]
[5-9]
[10-14]
[0-4]
[5-9]
10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10%
[0-4]
%. Female % Male 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10%
Disaster! %. Female % Male
Social Factors 22
Social Factors: Population vs Life Expectancy
Population vs Life Expectancy Population vs Life Expectancy Population vs Life Expectancy

(Rwanda) (Botswana) (Singapore)
80 15000000 80 3000000 86 6000000
84 5000000
Life Ex[ectancy
60 2500000
Life Ex[ectancy
10000000 60
Life Ex[ectancy
Population
2000000 82 4000000
Population
40
Population
5000000 40 1500000 80 3000000
20 1000000
20 78 2000000
0 0 500000
00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 0 0 76 1000000
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 00 003 006 009 012 015 018 021 74 0
20 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Year 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Axis Title
Axis Title
Life Expectancy (Years) Population
Rwanda: Life expectancy around 65 years old, gradually increasing

Botswana: Life expectancy around 63 years old, sudden decrease
Singapore: Life expectancy around 85 years old, gradually increasing
Social Factors 23
Social Factors: Mortality vs Fertility rate
Mortality rate (per 1000 births) vs Mortality rate (per 1000 births) vs Fertility rate
Fertility rate (Rwanda) Mortality rate (per 1000 births) vs Fer- (Singapore)
tility rate (Botswana)
120 7 4 1.8
6
Mortaltiy rate
100 4 3.5 1.6
Fertility rate
5 40
80 3 1.4
4 3
Mortaltiy rate
Mortaltiy rate
30 1.2
Fertility rate
60
Fertility rate
3 2.5
40 20 2 1
2 2
20 0.8
1 10 1 1.5 0.6
0 0 1
0 0 0.4
90 00 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 98 00 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 0.5 0.2
19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0 0
Year Year 1998 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Year
Mortality rate Fertility rate Mortality rate Fertility rate
Mortality rate Fertility rate
Rwanda: Fertility rate at 4 (good level), and mortality rate rapidly decrease
Botswana: Fertility rate at 2.8 (average level), and mortality slowly decrease
Singapore: Fertility rate at 1.2 (danger zone), and mortality rate slow
decrease
Social Factors 24
Social Factors: % of GDP spent on healthcare
% of GDP spent on healthcare over the year % of GDP spent on healthcare over the
(Rwanda) year (Botswana) % of GDP spent on healthcare over the
year (Singapore)
3 7
5
2.5 6 4.5
4
5
2 3.5
3
% of GDP
4
% of GDP
% of GDP
1.5 2.5
3 2
1 1.5
2 1
0.5 0.5
1 0
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
0 0
1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Year
Year Year
Rwanda: Around 2.5% of GDP

Botswana: Around 6% of GDP
Singapore: Around 4.5% of GDP
Social Factors 25
Social Factors: Current health expenditure per capita (Rwanda)
Healthcare Expenditure (Rwanda)

2500 160
Current health exp. per capita, PPP
140
2000
120
GDP per capita, PPP

1500 100
80
1000 60
40
500
20
0 0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Year
GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) Current health expenditure per capita, PPP (current international $)
As GDP per capita (PPP) is increasing, the healthcare

expenses has been increasing also
Social Factors 26
Social Factors: Current health expenditure per capita (Botswana)
Healthcare Expenditure (Botswana)

18000 500
16000 450
400
14000
350
12000
GDP per capita, PPP

300
10000
250
8000
200
6000
150
4000
100
2000 50
0 0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Year
As GDP per capita (PPP) is fluctuating, so is the healthcare

expenditure
Social Factors 27
Social Factors: Current health expenditure per capita (Singapore)
Healthcare Expenditure (Singapore)

120000 3000
100000 2500
GDP per capita, PPP

80000 2000
60000 1500
40000 1000
20000 500
0 0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Year
GDP per capita is increasing more exponentially than the

healthcare expenses
Social Factors 28
Social Factors: Health care expenditure vs GDP per capita PPP
Healthcare expenditure vs GDP, 2019

400000000000
[Y VALUE]
350000000000
300000000000
250000000000
200000000000
150000000000
100000000000
Rwanada, [X VALUE],
50000000000 [Y VALUE], [BUBBLE
Botswana, [X
SIZE]
VALUE], [Y VALUE],
0 [BUBBLE SIZE]
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
GDP per capita, PPP
Rwanda: Population size too big for healthcare

Botswana: Higher GDP per capita PPP than healthcare
expenditure per PPP
Singapore: Perfect model
Social Factors 29
Social Factors: Equality
Equality of political power Civil liberties accross social groups

Rwanda Botswana Singapore Rwanda Singapore Botswana
3 2
2 1
1 0
0 -1
Rating
Rating
-1 -2
-3
-2
-4
-3
50 54 58 62 66 70 74 78 82 86 90 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 22
50 53 56 59 62 65 68 71 74 77 80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 22 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Year
Year
 Singapore has the highest fairness rating in equality in political power followed by Botswana. Rwanda is on the
negative side, suggesting an autocratic authority.
 Rwanda has been performing better than Singapore and Botswana in ensuring equality in civil liberties, i.e.
justice across all types of social groups.
Social Factors 30
Social Factors: Rich vs Poor
Income Share by wealth level (Rwanda)

80% Income Share by wealth level (Botswana) Income Share by wealth level (Sin-
70% 60%
gapore)
60% 50% 100%
50%
40% 80%
40%
30% 60%
30%
20%
20% 40%
10%
10% 20%
0%
0%
00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0%
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Income Share Held by Highest 20%
Income Share Held by Highest 20% Income Share Held by Lowest 20% Income Share Held by Highest 20%
Income Share Held by Lowest 20%
Income Share Held by Lowest 20%
Rwanda: Poor getting poorer, rich more richer

Botswana: Rich getting richer, poor already too poor
Singapore: Rich population
Social Factors 31
Social Factors: Change in Poverty lines (Rwanda)
% of Population with 2.15$, $3.65, and $6.85 a day (Rwanda)

120
100
96 93.9 93.4 92.9 92.2
80
% of population
75.2
66.1
60 59.2
55.7 53.7
48.8 52
40 43.4
39.4 38.5
20
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year
Below $2.15 a day (% of pop.) Polynomial (Below $2.15 a day (% of pop.)) Below $3.65 a day (% of pop.)
Polynomial (Below $3.65 a day (% of pop.)) Below $6.85 a day (% of pop.) Polynomial (Below $6.85 a day (% of pop.))
Not much change, lots of population below poverty line of 6.85 dollar a
day
Social Factors 32
Social Factors: Change in Poverty line (Botswana)
% of Population with 2.15$, $3.65, and $6.85 a day

80
70 68.6
63.5
60 60.4
50
% of population
40
30 29.1
23.2
20
17.7
14.4 15.4
13.6
10
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year
Below $2.15 a day (% of pop.) Polynomial (Below $2.15 a day (% of pop.)) Below $3.65 a day (% of pop.)
Polynomial (Below $3.65 a day (% of pop.)) Below $6.85 a day (% of pop.) Polynomial (Below $6.85 a day (% of pop.))
The poverty lines are rebounding

Social Factors 33
Social Factors: Change in Poverty line (Singapore)
No population below poverty line for Singapore!
Social Factors 34
Social Factors: MDP headcount vs Poverty rate (Rwanda)
MDP headcount (%) vs Poverty rate (Rwanda)

50 45
45 40
40 35
35
MDP headcount (%)
30
Poverty rate (%)

30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10 10
5 5
0 0
2010 2013 2016
Year
Multidimensional poverty headcount (%) Poverty Rates (%)
No data available for Botswana and Singapore

Social Factors 35
Social Factors – Undernourishment
% of Population below minimum dietry values vs GDP % of Population below minimum dietry values vs GDP
per capita, PPP (Rwanda) per capita, PPP (Botswana)
45 2500 30 18000
40 16000
2000 25
35 14000
GDP per Capita, PPP
GDP per Capita, PPP

30 20 12000
% of Population
% of Population
1500
25 10000
15
20 8000
1000
15 10 6000
10 500 4000
5
5 2000
0 0 0 0
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Year Year
% of population below min. daily dietry values % of population below min. daily dietry values
GDP Per Capita, PPP (US $) GDP Per Capita, PPP (US $)
Rwanda: Around 35% of population is malnourish

Botswana: Around 23% of population is malnourish
Social Factors 36
Social Factors: GINI index
GINI index vs GDP per

Capita, PPP (R wanda) GINI index vs GDP per
Capita, PPP (Botswana) GINI index vs GDP per
54 2500
52 Capita, PPP (Singapore)
64 20000
GDP per Capita, PPP

2000
50
GDP per Capita, PPP

62 42.6 100000
GDP per Capita, PPP

48 60 15000
Gini index
1500 42.5 80000
Gini index
46 58 42.4
Gini index
44 1000 56 10000 60000
54 42.3
42 42.2 40000
500 52 5000
40 50 42.1 20000
38 0 48 0 42 0
2000 2005 2010 2013 2016 2000 2005 2010 2013 2016 2000 2005 2010 2013 2016
Year Year Year
GDP per capita, PPP GINI index GDP per capita, PPP GINI index GDP per capita, PPP GINI index
Rwanda: GINI index lowering, towards equality

Botswana: High GINI index and maintained, inequality
Singapore: Similar to Rwanda, somewhat equality
Social Factors 37
Social Factors: Human Development Index (HDI) (Rwanda)
HDI index vs GDP per Capita, PPP (USD)

(Rwanda)
0.54 2500
GDP per Capita, PPP (USD)

0.53
0.52 2000
0.51
HDI index
1500
0.5
0.49 1000
0.48 500
0.47
0.46 0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Year
GDP per Capita, PPP (USD) HDI index
HDI index just improved by 0.3 points over a decade!
ource: Roser, M. (n.d.). Human development index (HDI). Our World in Data.
Social Factors 38
Social Factors: Human Development Index (HDI) (Botswana)
HDI index vs GDP per Capita, PPP (USD) (Botswana)

0.74 18000
16000
0.72
14000
GDP per capita, PPP

HDI index 0.7 12000
10000
0.68
8000
0.66 6000
4000
0.64
2000
0.62 0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Year
HDI index is at 0.71, saw a decline over past 3 years

Social Factors 39
Social Factors: Human Development Index (HDI) (Singapore)
HDI index vs GDP per Capita, PPP (USD) (Sin-

gapore)
0.945 120000
0.94 100000
GDP per Capita, PPP

0.935
80000
HDI Index
0.93
60000
0.925
40000
0.92
0.915 20000
0.91 0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Year
HDI index is high at 0.94, demonstrating good living

Social Factors 40
Social Factors: Education system (Rwanda)
• Sciences • General
• Humanities • College of Technology
• Language • College of Education
• Teacher Training college • School of Nursing
• Technical and Vocational
Junior Secondary Senior Secondary University (4

Primary (6 years)
(3 years) (3 years) years)
2.3M, 50.9% 0.34 M, 52.5% 0.14 M, 49.3% 0.07 M, 43.2%

female female female female
40,299 staff, 2543 12,587 staff, 851 8,659 staff, 569 2,583 staff, 31
schools schools schools universities
Source: erneste. (n.d.). https://www.mineduc.gov.rw/index.php?eID=dumpFile&t=f&f=57546&token=da3c87074eca4dc22ddbaa730ddd43de4937394d Overloaded and outdated!

Social Factors 41
Social Factors: Education system (Botswana)
• English • Agriculture
• Setswana • Education
• Social studies • Engineering
• Mathematics • Health and welfare
• Integrated science • Humanities
• Design and technology • Science
• Agriculture • Services
• Moral education • Social Science
Junior Secondary Senior Secondary University (4

Primary (7 years)
(3 years) (2 years) years)
0.35M , 49% 0.18 M, 52% 0.06 M, 60.9%

female female female
14,313 staff, 821 15,513 staff, 291 - staff, 7

schools schools universities
Source: erneste. (n.d.). https://www.mineduc.gov.rw/index.php?eID=dumpFile&t=f&f=57546&token=da3c87074eca4dc22ddbaa730ddd43de4937394d Overloaded and but updated!

Social Factors 42
Social Factors: Education system (Singapore)
• English
• Chinese
• Mathematics
• Science • Many latest varieties like data science,
• Geography
• Art
machine learning, law, medicine etc.
• Music
• IT
• Physical educational
• Pastoral care
• Career guidance
Primary (6 years) Secondary (5 years) University (4 years)
0.24 M 0.16 M, 48.5%

female
Up to date education

15,850 staff, 186 12,587 staff, 136
with less load on staff and
schools schools
school
Source: erneste. (n.d.). https://www.mineduc.gov.rw/index.php?eID=dumpFile&t=f&f=57546&token=da3c87074eca4dc22ddbaa730ddd43de4937394d
Social Factors 43
Social Factors – Literacy rates (Rwanda)
Literacy rate (%) vs % of GDP spent on education

(Rwanda)
78 20
% of GDP spent on education

76 18
74 16
Literacy rate (%)
72 14
70 12
68 10
66 8
64 6
62 4
60 2
58 0
2000 2010 2012 2014 2018 2021
Year
Literacy Rate (%) % of GDP spent on education
Low investment on GDP but good literacy

rate of 70% of population
Social Factors 44
Foundational Factors – Literacy rates (Botswana)

(Botswana)
98 12

Literacy rate (%) 97 10
96 8
95 6
94 4
93 2
92 0
2005 2009 2015 2018 2019 2020
Year
Low investment on GDP but high literacy

rate of 90+% of population
Social Factors 45
Foundational Factors – Literacy rates (Singapore)

(Singapore)

100 3.4
99.9 3.3
Literacy rate (%)

99.8 3.2
99.7 3.1
3
99.6
2.9
99.5 2.8
99.4 2.7
99.3 2.6
99.2 2.5
2000 2010 2012 2014 2018 2021
Year
Schools are already well developed, and

almost all population is literate
Social Factors 46
Social Factors: Gender equality in education
L i t e r a c y r a t e o f y o u n g e r m e n v s y o u n g e r w o m e n ( % o f P o p u l a ti o n 1 5 - 2 4 ) ( R w a n d a )
2021, [X VALUE], [Y VALUE]
100
Literacy rate, youth female (% of females ages 15-24)
90
80
70
60 2000, [X VALUE], [Y VALUE]
50
40
30
20
10
0
72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86
Literacy rate, youth male (% of males ages 15-24)
Higher literate female than male by year 2021
Social Factors 47
Social Factors: Gender equality in education (Botswana)
Liter acy r ate of younger m en vs younger wom en (% of Populati on

102 15-24) 2021, [X VALUE], [Y
VALUE]
2010, [X VALUE], [Y
VALUE]
100
98
2005, [X VALUE], [Y 2015, [X VALUE], [Y
VALUE] VALUE]
96
94
92 2000, [X VALUE], [Y
VALUE]
90
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
Almost equal male to female educated ratios by year 2021
Social Factors 48
Social Factors: Gender equality in education (Singapore)
Liter acy r ate of younger m en vs younger wom en (% of Populati on 15-

24)
99.9

99.85
99.8
99.75 2015, [X VALUE], [Y VALUE]
99.7
99.65
99.6
99.55
99.5
99.45
99.3 99.4 99.5 99.6 99.7 99.8 99.9 100
Almost equal number of male and female literate
Social Factors 49
Social Factors: Age equality in education (Rwanda)
E l d e r l y l i t e r ac y v s Y o u t h L i t e r ac y as a % o f P o p u l ati o n ( R w an d a)
2014, [X VALUE], [Y
VALUE] 2018, [X VALUE], [Y
88 VALUE]
86
84
Yputh literacy rate
82
80
2012, [X VALUE], [Y
2000, [X VALUE],
78 [Y VALUE]
VALUE]
76
74 2010, [X VALUE], [Y
VALUE]
72
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
Elder literacy rate
Youths more literate than adults

Source: World Bank open data. (n.d.). World Bank Open Data. Retrieved November 3,
2023, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.MDIM?locations=RW
Social Factors 50
Social Factors: Age equality in education (Botswana)
Elder ly liter acy vs Youth Liter acy as a % of Populati on

88 2014, [X VALUE], [Y VALUE] 2018, [X VALUE], [Y VALUE]
86
84
82
Yputh literacy rate
80
78
76

74
72
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88
Elder literacy rate
Trend is better than Rwanda, where adults are also at literate levels along
with youths
Social Factors 51
Social Factors: Age equality in education (Singapore)
Elderly literacy vs Youth Literacy as a % of Populati on

100 2018, [X VALUE], [Y VALUE]
99.9
99.8
99.7
Yputh literacy rate
99.6 2010, [X VALUE], [Y VALUE]

99.5
99.4
99.3
99.2
92 93 94 95 96 97 98
Elder literacy rate
Balance, suggesting nearly all population is literate

Source: World Bank open data. (n.d.). World Bank Open Data. Retrieved November 3,
2023, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.MDIM?locations=RW
Social Factors 52
Social Factors: Access to clean water
% of population with clean water % of population with clean water access % of population with clean water access
access (Rwanda) (Botswana) (Singapore)
14 84 120
83.5
12 100
83
10
% of population
82.5
80
% of population
% of population
82
8
81.5 60
6 81
40
4 80.5
80
2 20
79.5
0 79 0
1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Year Year Year
Rwanda: Around 12% of population access to clean water

Botswana: Around 83% of population access to clean water
Singapore: All population has access to clean water
Social Factors 53
Comparison Matrix of Social Factors
Factor Rwanda Botswana Singapore
Healthcare Rwanda has made significant progress in Botswana has a relatively well-developed Singapore has a highly efficient healthcare
healthcare, but challenges still exist in healthcare system with a focus on primary system, known for its quality and
access and infrastructure. care. accessibility.
Education Rwanda has improved access to education, Botswana has a well-established education Singapore boasts a world-class education
but there are still challenges in terms of system, with a focus on improving quality system, consistently ranked among the best
quality and infrastructure. and access. globally.
Poverty Rwanda has made progress in reducing Botswana has a lower poverty rate Singapore has a low poverty rate, thanks to
poverty, but it remains a challenge, compared to many African countries, but its strong economic development and social
especially in rural areas. income inequality exists. policies.
Access to Clean Water Rwanda has made strides in improving Botswana generally has good access to Singapore has excellent infrastructure,
access to clean water, but challenges persist clean water, with ongoing efforts to ensuring widespread access to clean water.
in certain regions. improve infrastructure.
Rwanda has been working on improving Botswana has relatively good access to Singapore provides high-quality basic
access to basic amenities, but disparities basic amenities, with ongoing efforts to amenities across the country, reflecting its
Access to Basic Amenities exist between urban and rural areas. address disparities. developed status.
Equality in political power Poor Fair Good
Equality in justice Good Good Poor
Social Factors 54
Social Factors Ranking
Rank Country Justification
1 Singapore Singapore consistently ranks high in all factors due to its strong
economy, efficient governance, and comprehensive social policies.
2 Botswana Botswana has made significant progress in social factors, with a
relatively well-developed healthcare and education system.
3 Rwanda Rwanda has made remarkable strides, it faces ongoing challenges in
various social factors, placing it third in this comparison.
Social Factors 55
3. Economic and Energy Factors
Economic and Energy Factors 56

Economic and Energy Factors: Military Expenditure
Military expenditure (% of GDP)

6
4
% of GDP
0
98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Year
Rwanda Botswana Singapore
All countries are showing decline in military expenditures

Economic and Energy Factors: Distribution of labour force by education
Distribution of labour force by education Distribution of labour force by educa-

(Rwanda) Distribution of labour force by education tion (Singapore)
(Botswana)
90 70
80 50
60
70 40
Percentage of labor
Percentage of labor
50
Percentage of labor
60
50 30
40
40 20 30
30
20 10 20
10 0
None Primary Lower Upper University 10
0
None Primary Lower Upper University Secondary Secondary 0
Secondary Secondary None Primary Lower Upper University
Education level Secondary Secondary
Education level
Education level
Rwanda: Most labor from no formal or primary education

Botswana: Most labor from lower secondary level
Singapore: Most labor are university graduates

Economic and Energy Factors: Economic activates of labor
Top twelve economic activities of the Top twelve economic activities of

employed labor (Rwanda) the employed labor (Botswana)
Other retail activities Agriculture
Retail seller in stores Finance and insurance
Growing rice Transport and Storage
Textile manufacturing Textile manufacturing
Teacher Accomodation and Food Service
Growing beverage crops
Construction
Transport service
Social Work
Retail seller in open market
Manufacturing
Personal staff of households
Construction buildings Administrative
Growing vegetables Education
Growing cereals (except rice) Wholesale, Retail and Repair
0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 Public Administration
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
Count of employed population
Count of employed population
Female Male
Rwanda: Most labor are in agriculture based industries Female Male
Botswana: Most labor are in service based industries

Singapore: Most labor are in service based industry (see sources)
Economic and Energy Factors: Labor Force breakdown (Rwanda)
Most jobs are in rural side with approx. equality in gender

Economic and Energy Factors: Labor Force breakdown (Botswana)
Most jobs are in urban side

Economic and Energy Factors: GDP/capita vs GDP/capita,PPP (Rwanda)
GDP per capita vs GDP per capita, PPP (Rwanda)

1200 2500
1000
2000

800
GDP per Capita (USD)

1500
600
1000
400
500
200
0 0
90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Year
GDP per capita (current) GDP per capita, PPP
Informal economy!

Economic and Energy Factors: GDP/capita vs GDP/capita,PPP (Botswana)
GDP per capita vs GDP per capita, PPP

9000 20000
8000 18000
16000
7000
14000
6000

12000
5000
10000
4000
8000
3000
6000
2000
4000
1000 2000
0 0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Year
GDP profile better than Rwanda

Economic and Energy Factors: GDP/capita vs GDP/capita,PPP (Singapore)
GDP per capita vs GDP per capita, PPP (Singapore)

90000 140000
80000
120000
70000
100000
60000

50000 80000
40000 60000
30000
40000
20000
20000
10000
0 0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Year
GDP profile better than Rwanda and Botswana

Economic and Energy Factors: GDP of Agriculture and industry
GDP of Agriculture vs Industry

GDP of Agriculture and Industry GDP of Agriculture and Industry (Sin-
80
70
(Botswana) gapore)
60 70 40
Percentage of GDP
50
Percentage of GDP
60 30
40
Percentage of GDP
50
30 20
40
20 30 10
10 20 0
0 10 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21
66 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 02 05 08 11 14 17 20 23 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0
73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 Year
Year 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Year
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) .. .. .. .. .. ..
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) .. .. .. .. .. .. Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP) .. .. .. .. .. ..
Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP) .. .. .. .. .. .. Agriculture,
Industry (including
forestry,
construction),
and fishing, value added (% of GDP) .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rwanda: Agriculture decreasing while industries increasing

Botswana: Maintained industrial output
Singapore: Always been industrial
Economic and Energy Factors: Ease of doing business
Business expansion (Botswana) Business expansion (Singapore)
Time required tostart a new business (days)

Business expansion (Rwanda)

120 50000 7 350000
20 20000 45000 6 300000
Number of new businesses

100

40000
15 15000 5 250000
80 35000
4 200000
10 10000 30000
60 25000 3 150000
5 5000 20000 2 100000
40 15000 1 50000
0 0 10000
20
06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20
0 0
5000
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0 0
06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Year 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Year
Year
Time requird to start a new business (days) Time requird to start a new business (days)
Number of new businesses Time requird to start a new business (days)
Rwanda: Takes 2-3 days to start a business

Botswana: Takes 48 days to start business
Singapore: Takes 1.5 days to start business
Economic and Energy Factors: Reserves and FDI (Rwanda)
Total reserves (current $), FDI (% of GDP)

(Rwanda)
2000000000 4.5
1800000000 4
1600000000 3.5
1400000000 3
1200000000 2.5
% of GDP
1000000000
USD ($)
800000000 2
600000000 1.5
400000000 1
200000000 0.5
0 0
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Year
Total reserves (includes gold, current $) Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP)
Reserves are not really sufficient and need to work on attracting more
FDI
Economic and Energy Factors: Reserves and FDI (Botswana)
Total reserves (current $), FDI (% of

GDP) (Botswana)
12000000000 0.6
10000000000 0.5
8000000000 0.4
% of GDP
6000000000 0.3
USD ($)
4000000000 0.2
2000000000 0.1
0 0
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Year
Total reserves (includes gold, current $)

Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP)
Similar to Rwanda, reserves are not really sufficient and need to work on
attracting more FDI
Economic and Energy Factors: Reserves and FDI (Singapore)
Total reserves (current $), FDI (%

of GDP) (Singapore)
450000000000 160
400000000000 140
350000000000 120
300000000000 100
250000000000
% of GDP
USD ($) 80
200000000000
150000000000 60
100000000000 40
50000000000 20
0 0
01 003 005 007 009 011 013 015 017 019 021
20 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Year
Total reserves (includes gold, current $)

Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP)
High reserve and high FDI for Singapore

Economic and Energy Factors: Financial stability
Debt-GDP ratio (%), Trade-GDP ratio

Debt-GDP ratio (%), Trade-GDP (%), Inflation rate (%) (Singapore)
ratio (%), Inflation rate (%) Debt-GDP ratio (%), Trade-GDP ratio (%), Infla- 500 8
tion rate (%) (Botswana) 450 7
100 14 400
140 14 6
80 12 120 12 350
Inflation rate (%)

10 100 10
5
Inflation rate (%)
Inflation rate (%)

60 300
8
Ratio (%)
80 8 4
Ratio (%)
Ratio (%)
250
40 6 60 6 3
4 40 4 200
20 2 20 2 150
2
0 0 1
0 0 100
01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21
01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 50 0
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Year 0 -1
Year
01
03
05
07
09
11
13
15
17
19
21
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Debt to GDP ratio (%) Trade to GDP ratio (%) Year
Inflation Rate (%)
Debt to GDP ratio (%) Trade to GDP ratio (%)
Inflation Rate (%) Debt to GDP ratio (%) Trade to GDP ratio (%)
Inflation Rate (%)
 Botswana has lower debt to GDP ratio, while Singapore has the highest of them
 The inflation pattern were shown to be similar, but the percentage rate were highest for Botswana, followed by Rwanda and Singapore
 The trade to GDP ratio of Rwanda and Botswana are similar

Economic and Energy Factors: Tourism
Tourist spending as a % of total export per year Tourist spending as a % of total export
700000000 35
700000000 per year (Botswana) 18 Tourist spending as a % of total export
per year (Singapore)
Tourist spending (USD in Millions)
16
600000000 30 600000000
25000000000 4
14
500000000 25
Tourist spending (USD)

3.5
% of total export
500000000 20000000000
% of total export
12
% of total export
400000000 20 3
Tourist spending (USD)

400000000 10 15000000000 2.5
300000000 15 2
200000000 10 300000000 8 10000000000 1.5
100000000 5 6 5000000000 1
200000000 0.5
0 0 4 0 0
07 09 11 13 15 17 100000000 2
20072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
20 20 20 20 20 20 Year
0 0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Year Spending ($) % of Exports
Spending ($) % of Exports Year
Spending ($) % of Exports
 Despite COVID, Botswana and Singapore continued to maintain tourism resilience but Rwanda could not
 Singapore’s tourism sector is booming, even though it values low in terms of % of exports
 Rwanda and Botswana has potential to expand their tourism sector

Economic and Energy Factors: Import vs Export profile (Rwanda)
Top 5 importing products Top 5 exporting products

Sugar cane Coffee
9% 11%
Gold Medical instruments
35% 12%
Electrical equipment
10% Gold
49%
Palm oil Black tea
11% 14%
Crude oil Crude oil
34% 15%
Gold Crude oil Palm oil Gold Crude oil Black tea
Electrical equipment Sugar cane Medical instruments Coffee
Top 5 import sources Top 5 export destination

Country Value ($), in millions Country Value ($), in millions
China 716 DRC 587
Tanzania 496 UAE 487
UAE 306 Tanzania 97
India 296 UK 45
Kenya 281 Pakistan 37
Source: Rwanda trade summary 2021. (n.d.). WITS Data. Retrieved November 3, 2023, from https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/RWA/Year/2021/Summary

Economic and Energy Factors: Import vs Export profile (Botswana)
Top 5 exporting products Top 5 importing products

Cars Corn
3% 2%
Gold Carbonates Electricity Refined Petroleum
1% 1% 4% 21%
Insulated wire Diamonds
2% 95%
Copper Ore Diamond

1% 71%
Diamonds Insulated wire Copper Ore
Refined Petroleum Diamond Electricity
Gold Carbonates
Cars Corn
Top 5 export destination

UAE 1940 South Africa 4470
Belgium 1660 UAE 426
India 1310 Belgium 992
South Africa 684 India 369
Israel 451 China 228

Economic and Energy Factors: Import vs Export profile (Singapore)
Top 5 exporting products Top 5 importing products

Edibles Plastics
21% Integrated Circuits 3%
28% Organic Chemicals
4% Electrical equipment
41%
Machinery
34%
Refined Petroleum
15%
Photolab Equipments
30% Minerals
Gold 18%
7%
Integrated Circuits Refined Petroleum Gold Electrical equipment Minerals Machinery

Photolab Equipments Edibles Organic Chemicals Plastics
Top 5 export destination Top 5 import sources

China 5680 China 5390
HongKong 5450 Malaysia 4960
Malaysia 2770 Japan 1820
Indonesia 1840 South Korea 1580
Japan 1080 UAE 1200

Economic and Energy Factors: Merchandise Trade
Merchandise trade (% of GDP)

400
350
300
250
% of GDP 200
150
100
50
0
98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Year
 Due to strategic port location of Singapore, it has the highest merchandise trade contributing towards GDP
 Rwanda’s landlock position keeps it in trouble position
 Botswana has more easier access to ports than Rwanda hence better performance

Economic and Energy Factors: % of population access to energy
Percentage of population with energy

Percentage of population with energy access (Singapore)
Percentage of population with
energy excess access (Botswana)
100
Percentage of population
50
80
99.6
40 60
30 40 99.2
20
20 0 98.8
10 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 98.4
19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
0 997 999 001 003 005 007 009 011 013 015 017 019
Year 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19
19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Year
Year Percentage of population with energy excess
Percentage of population with energy excess
 Despite COVID, Botswana and Singapore continued to maintain tourism resilience but Rwanda could not
 Singapore’s tourism sector is booming, even though it values low in terms of % of exports
 Rwanda and Botswana has potential to expand their tourism sector

Economic and Energy Factors: % of population access to clean fuel and tech
Percentage of population with access to clean fuel and technologies (year 2022)
120 Singapore, $ [X VALUE],
[Y VALUE]%
Percentage of population 100
80 Botswana, $ [X VALUE],
[Y VALUE]%
60
40
20
Rwanda, $ [X VALUE],
[Y VALUE]%
0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000
GDP per capita ($)
 Rwanda has the lowest number of population with access to clean fuel and technologies
 While Singapore has the highest

Economic and Energy Factors: Sources of Electricity (Rwanda)
Source of total electricity and populati on with

access to electricity (Rwanda)
100 60
Percentage of total electricity (%)
90
80 50
% of total population
70 40
60
50 30
40
30 20
20 10
10
0 0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Year
Hydro Solar Oil Bioenergy % of Population
 Rwanda is slowly incorporating solar energy while also using oil and hydro based power

Economic and Energy Factors: Sources of Electricity (Botswana)
Source of total electricity and populati on with

access to electricity (Botswana)
100 70
90
60
80
70 50
60 40
50
40 30
30 20
20
10
10
0 0
2000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021
Year
 Botswana is working on making itself less reliant on oil, hence there is presence of solar and bioenergy along with
hydropower to meet the demand of their population
Economic and Energy Factors: Sources of Electricity (Singapore)
Source of total electricty and populati on with

access to electricity (Singapore)
100 120
90
80 100
70 80
60
50 60
40
30 40
20 20
10
0 0
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Year
 Singapore has the energy needs of their population met, but has started to utilize hydropower and solar power
more and can export extra energy
Economic and Energy Factors: Death rate from air pollution (Rwanda)
Death rate from air pollution (Rwanda)

400
350
300
Death per 100,000 people
250
200
150
100
50
0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Year
House hold air pollution Ambient particulate air pollution

All causes attributed to air pollution All causes attributed to ambient ozone pollution
 Most of air pollution contributing to death is household, however it has been steadily declining

Economic and Energy Factors: Death rate from air pollution (Botswana)
Death rate from air pollution (Botswana)

250
200
Death per 100,000 people
150
100
50
0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Year

 Botswana’s household air pollution has been decreasing but the outside air pollution has been increasing cause of
death
Economic and Energy Factors: Death rate from air pollution (Singapore)
Death rate from air pollution (Singapore)

70
Death per 100,000 people 60
50
40
30
20
10
0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Year

 Singapore has some outside air pollution problems but not as severe as Botswana and Rwanda

Economic and Energy Factors: CO2 emission
CO2 Emissions (metric tons per capita)

12
10
Metric ton per capita
0
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Year
 Rwanda has been contributing low toward CO2 emission while Singapore has the highest
 Botswana on the average side

Economic and Energy Factors: Nitroux Oxide (NO)
Nitrous oxide emissions (Thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent)

Nitrous oxide emission (Thousand metric tons c02 12000
10000
8000
6000
eq.)
4000
2000
0
20002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022
Year

 Botswana has worked to reduce NO emission
 Singapore has major problem
 Rwanda’s NO emission has been steadily increasing

Economic and Energy Factors Matrix
Factor Rwanda Botswana Singapore
GDP (PPP) Lower-middle income Upper-middle income High-income
Financial Stability Developing economy Stable economy Developed economy
Ease of Doing Business Favorable Improving Highly favorable
Tourism Growing sector Safari destination Major tourist hub
Imports & Exports Moderate Diversified Highly diversified
Energy Access Expanding Developing Highly developed
Air Pollution Bad Bad Mild
Energy Generation Profile Developing Diverse sources Advanced technologies

Economic and Energy Factors Ranking
Justification
Rank Country
1 Singapore Singapore tends to lead in most categories due to its highly developed economy,
advanced infrastructure, and efficient energy systems.
2 Botswana Botswana follows closely, with a stable economy, favorable business environment,
and diversified trade. However, it may lag in certain energy-related aspects
compared to Singapore.
3 Rwanda Rwanda is making progress in various areas but may still be in the early stages of
development compared to Botswana and Singapore. It is, however, growing steadily
and focusing on sustainable practices.

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Benchmarking Rwanda, Botswana and Singapore

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Benchmarking Rwanda, Botswana and Singapore

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Benchmarking Rwanda, Botswana and Singapore

By: Arslan Yousaf

1. Foundational Factors

Country: Botswana Country: Rwanda Country: Singapore

Country: Rwanda Country: Botswana Country: Singapore

 Country: Rwanda  Country: Botswana  Country: Singapore

Country Urban Size (%) Rural Size (%)

 As of the year 2021, Singapore’s 100% population

Rwanda is mostly hilly, agricultural and forest type land

Rwanda is mostly dried with African elephants

Rwanda has little remains of nature, but has Flamingoes

Country Main Natural Resources Climate conditions

Singapore • Fruits (rumbutans and durians) • Avg. Annual rainfall: 250 mm

Country Main Ethnic Composition

Features Rwanda Botswana Singapore

Political Stability and Absence of Violence

Rwanda is gradually improving

Urban and Rural Populati on (millions)

 Singapore’s all population in urban

%. Female % Male %. Female % Male

Botswana will have more population between 40 to 55 years old by 2030,

Population Pyramid (Singapore - 2030) Population Pyramid (Singapore - 2050)

Disaster! %. Female % Male

Population vs Life Expectancy Population vs Life Expectancy Population vs Life Expectancy

Rwanda: Life expectancy around 65 years old, gradually increasing

100 4 3.5 1.6

Rwanda: Around 2.5% of GDP

Healthcare Expenditure (Rwanda)

GDP per capita, PPP

As GDP per capita (PPP) is increasing, the healthcare

Healthcare Expenditure (Botswana)

GDP per capita, PPP

As GDP per capita (PPP) is fluctuating, so is the healthcare

Healthcare Expenditure (Singapore)

GDP per capita, PPP

GDP per capita is increasing more exponentially than the

Healthcare expenditure vs GDP, 2019

Rwanda: Population size too big for healthcare

Equality of political power Civil liberties accross social groups

Income Share by wealth level (Rwanda)

Rwanda: Poor getting poorer, rich more richer

% of Population with 2.15$, $3.65, and $6.85 a day (Rwanda)

% of Population with 2.15$, $3.65, and $6.85 a day

The poverty lines are rebounding

No population below poverty line for Singapore!

MDP headcount (%) vs Poverty rate (Rwanda)

Poverty rate (%)

Multidimensional poverty headcount (%) Poverty Rates (%)

No data available for Botswana and Singapore

GDP per Capita, PPP

GDP per Capita, PPP

Rwanda: Around 35% of population is malnourish

GINI index vs GDP per

GDP per Capita, PPP

GDP per Capita, PPP

GDP per Capita, PPP

1500 42.5 80000

Rwanda: GINI index lowering, towards equality

HDI index vs GDP per Capita, PPP (USD)

GDP per Capita, PPP (USD)

GDP per Capita, PPP (USD) HDI index

HDI index just improved by 0.3 points over a decade!

HDI index vs GDP per Capita, PPP (USD) (Botswana)

GDP per capita, PPP