Course Code : CHEM 1101

Course Title : Chemistry

Department : CSE
1

Presented by group (8):

01 ID: 1567 02 ID: 1546

Maksudul Hasan Pranto Shariya Tinney

03 ID: 1573 04 ID: 1539

Labiba Siddika Shahajalal Mahmud
 Outline
2

 Chemical equilibrium
 Le Chatelier's Principle
 Reversible and irreversible reactions
 Ionic product of water and pH
 Dissociation constant of weak acid and weak base
 Buffer solution
 pH of the Buffer solution
Chemical Equilibrium
 Introduction
4

 Dynamic balance in a chemical reaction.

 Rates of forward and reverse reaction are equal.

 Concentrations of reactants and products remain constant.

 Equilibrium constant and Le Chatelier’s principle are fundamental

concepts.
 Chemical Equilibrium
5

 Chemical Equilibrium: A state of balance in which the rate of a forward

reaction equals the rate of the reverse reactions and the concentrations of products
and reactants remain unchanged.

H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)

Hydrogen Iodine Hydrogen Iodide

Rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal.

Concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time.
 Chemical Equilibrium
6

 We have the gaseous reactants I2 and H2. They undergo a synthesis reaction to
form HI:

H2 + I2 → 2HI

 HI accumulates and decompose to I2 and H2 :

2HI → H2 + I2

 Eventually the rate of the forward reaction equals

the rate of the reverse reaction.

Figure 01: Chemical Equilibrium

 The conditions for chemical equilibrium
7

The System Must be

Closed.

The Rates of the

Conditions for forward reaction
Equilibrium equals the rate of
reverse reactions.

The amount of
reactants and products
must be constant.
 Static vs. Dynamic
8

 There are two types of equilibrium:

1.Static equilibrium
2.Dynamic equilibrium

Static equilibrium: No motion.

Dynamic equilibrium: Motion with no net change

Note: A chemical equilibrium is an example of a dynamic equilibrium.

 Equilibrium Constant, Keq
9

 Expresses the relationship between the amounts of products and reactants present
at equilibrium

 At a given Temperature
aA + bB  cC + dD

[𝐶 ][ 𝐷] products

𝐾 𝑒𝑞=
[ 𝐴][ 𝐵] reactants
 Meaning of Keq:
10

 Keq << 1 , Favors Reactants

 Keq = 1 , Same amount of Reactants and Products
 Keq >>1 , Favors Products

Phosphorus pentachloride Phosphorus trichloride Chloride

 Kc and Kp
11

: :

[aA + bB  cC + dD] ]

Coefficient
Concentration Partial pressure

Relation Between : []
 Writing an Equilibrium Constant Expression (Kc)
12

. Set up your Kc expression Raise each substance’s

with the products on the concentration to the power
Balance the chemical top of a fraction and the equal to the substance’s
equation. reactants on the bottom of coefficient in the balanced
a fraction. equation.

Note: Solids (s) and pure liquids (l) are not used in the expression because their concentrations do not change.

CaCO3(s) + CO2(aq) + H2O(l) Ca2+(aq) 2+ HCO3-(aq)

Calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate Calcium ion Bi-carbonate

+2 - 2
[Ca ] [HCO ] 3
Kc =
[CO2 ]
 PRACTICE
13

1.) H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) HCO3-(aq) + H3O+ (aq) 𝐾 𝑐 =¿ ¿

[ 𝐶𝑂 ] [ 𝐶 𝑙 2 ]
2.) COCl2 (g) CO(g) + Cl2 (g) 𝐾 𝑐=
[ 𝐶𝑂𝐶 𝑙2 ]

3.) 2CO(g) C(s) + CO2 (g)

[𝐶 𝑂 2 ]
𝐾 𝑐=
¿¿
 Calculating Kc :
14

Set up your Keq Substitute

Write the balanced
chemical equation. expression. concentrations. And
Calculate!
 Calculating Kc
15
 An aqueous solution of carbonic acid reacts to reach equilibrium as described
below:
H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) HCO3-(aq) + H3O+ (aq)
Carbonic acid Bi-carbonate

The solution contains the following solute concentrations: H2CO3 =3.3 x 10-2 M;

HCO3- = 1.19 x 10-4 M; H3O+ = 1.19 x 10-4 M. Determine the Kc.

𝐾 𝑐 =¿ ¿
 Calculating Kp
16

 The equilibrium constant () for the reaction ,

H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) HCO3-(aq) + H3O+ (aq)

Carbonic acid Bi-carbonate

is at 25°C. What is the value of at this temperature?

Solution: The relationship between and is :

=
Because T=298 K and n=(2-2)=0, we get
=
=
 Calculating Concentrations from Kc
17

4. Kc for the equilibrium below is 1.8 x 10-5 at a temperature of 25⁰C.

Calculate [NH3] when [NH4+] and [OH-] are 3.5 x 104

NH3(aq) + H2O(l)
Ammonia NHAmmonium
4 (aq) ion+
+
OH-(aq)

𝐾 𝑐 =¿ ¿
−4 −4
−5 (3.5 𝑥 1 0 )(3.5 𝑥 10 )
1.8 𝑥 1 0 =
[𝑁 𝐻 3 ]
[NH3] = 6.8 x10-3 M
 Practice
18

1.a. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the following reaction:

COCl2(g) CO(g) + Cl2(g), [CO] = 0.0178 M; [Cl2] = 0.0178 M; [COCl2] = 0.00740
M
b. Are the reactants for products favored?
2.a. If the equilibrium constant is 1.65 x 10-3 at 2027⁰C for the reaction below, what is the equilibrium
concentration of NO when [N2] = 1.8 x 10-3 M and [O2] = 4.2 x 10-3 M.
N2(g) + O2(g) NO(g)
b. Are the reactants for products favored?
3.The equilibrium constant for the decomposition of phosphorus pentachloride to phosphorus
trichloride and molecular chlorine,

is found to be 1.05 at 250°C. If the equilibrium partial pressures of and are 0.875 atm and 0.463 atm,
respectively, what is the equilibrium partial pressure of at 250°C?
19
Le-Châtelier’s Principle
 Le-Châtelier’s Principle
20

If a chemical reaction is at equilibrium and experiences a change in pressure,

temperature, or concentration of products or reactants, the equilibrium shifts in the
opposite direction to offset the change.

Temperature
Factors affecting Chemical Equilibrium : Pressure
Concentration
Figure 02: Factors affecting chemical equilibrium
 Factors affecting Chemical Equilibrium
21

1. Effect On Temperature :
A ⇌ B + heat
∆𝑯= −𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒋/𝒎𝒐𝒍
Heat + A ⇌ B
∆𝑯 = +𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒋/𝒎𝒐l

2. Changing volume/pressure :
Cl2 ⇌ 2Cl

Figure 03 : Changing pressure

 Factors affecting Chemical Equilibrium
22

3. Changing Concentration:

A⇌B

Figure 04 : Effect of concertation on equilibrium

 Reversible reaction
23

 Reversible reactions involve simultaneous conversion of reactants to products

and vice versa.

(g) + (g) ⇌ 2HI (g)

Hydrogen Iodine Hydrogen Iodide

Reactants go
forward to form Products can react
products. back to form
reactants.

Figure 05 : Explaining reversible reaction

 Reversible reaction
24

Conditions of Reversible reaction:

 It should occur in a closed container
 None of the products is allowed to form a precipitate

According to Le Châtelier’s Principle, a reversible reaction is self-correcting.

Suppose there is change in concentration ,temperature or pressure. In that
case, the system will naturally shift towards equilibrium.
 Reversible reaction
25

Examples :

1. Reaction between hydrogen () and iodine () to produce hydrogen

iodide (HI)

(g) + (g) ⇌ 2HI (g)

Hydrogen Iodine Hydrogen Iodide

2. Nitrogen (reacting with hydrogen () to produce ammonia ()

(g) + 3 (g) ⇌ 2

Nitrogen Hydrogen Ammonia

 Irreversible reactions
26

 The reaction which proceeds only in one direction is called irreversible reaction.

Example:
2Na (s) + 2H2O (l) 2NaOH (aq) + H2
Sodium Sodium Hydro - oxide

Characteristics of irreversible reactions:

 Proceed only in one directions (forward directions).
 Can proceed to completion.
 In an irreversible reaction, G <0.
27

Ionic product of water and pH

 Ionic products of water
28

_
2H2O (aq) H3O (g) + OH (g)
+

K = [H3O ] [OH ]
+

2
[H2O]

K x [H2O]2 = [H O+] [OH_ ] 2

[H2O] = Constant
3

K w = [H O+] [OH_ ] Ionic products of water

3
 Ionic products of water
29

K w = [H3O+] [OH-]

K w = (1.0 x 10-7 ) (1.0 x 10-7 ) At 25° C,

[H3O+] = [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-7
K w = 1.0 x 10-14

Effect of temperature on Kw :

 Dissociation of water is endothermic

 Increasing temperature increases Kw
 At higher temperature, pH of water will decrease
 pH
30

 The negative logarithm of H+ ions concentration is called pH

Mathematically , pH = -log [H+]

For pure water or a neutral solution at 298K , [H+] = 1.0 x 10-7 moles/dm
pH = - log (1.0 x 10-7) = - (-7) log10 = 7

 The pH of pure water is 7.

 If the concentration of [H+] is increased the pH decreases.
 pOH
31

 The negative logarithm of OH- ions concentration is called as pOH

Again , pOH = -log [OH-]
For pure water or a neutral solution at 298K , [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-7 moles/dm
pOH = - log (1.0 x 10-7) = - (-7) log10 = 7
 Neutral pH is 7; acidic pH < 7; basic pH > 7

Figure 06 : pH scale
 Relation between pH, pOH and Kw
32

At 25° C,
K w = [H3O+] [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14

log Kw = log[H3O+] + log[OH-] = log1.0 x 10-14

-pKw = - pH - pOH = -14

pKw = pH + pOH = 14

 At 25° C, in pure water or in aqueous solution pKw = pH + pOH = 14

33

Dissociation constant of weak acid and

weak base
 Dissociation Constant
34

HA (aq) ⇌ H+ (aq) + A– (aq)

At Equilibrium : (1 – α)C αC αC
+
[H ] [A ] -
αC X αC α2C
Ka = = =
[HA ] (1 – α)C (1 – α)

Ka = α2C

𝛼=
√ 𝑘𝑎
𝐶
𝛼=
1
√𝐶 Oswald's reaction formula
 Acid Dissociation Constant, ka
35

HA + H 2O ⇌ H 3O + + A–
At Equilibrium,
[H3O+] x [A– ]
Kc =
[HA] x [H2O]
+ –
[H3O ] x [A ] Ka = Kc x [H2O]
Kc x [H2O] =
[HA]

[H3O+] x [A– ]
Ka = Acid Dissociation Constant
[HA]
 Acid Dissociation Constant, ka
36

 The ratio of the concentrations of dissociated ions to the undissociated acid

 Used to quantify the strength of the acid
Higher Ka More [H3O+] Strong acid

Compound Ka Strong acid

Hydrocyanic acid (HCN) 4.93 x 10-10
Acetic acid (CH3COOH) 1.76 x 10-5
Benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) 6.46 x 10-5
Formic acid (HCOOH) 1.77 x 10-4
Salicylic acid (HOC6H4COOH) 1.05 x 10-3
weak acid
Chloroacetic acid (ClCH2CO2H) 1.4 x 10 -3

Figure 07: Acid dissociation constant at 25° C

 Base Dissociation Constant, Kb
37

B (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ BH+ (aq) + OH– (aq)

At Equilibrium,
[H3O+] x [A– ]
Kc =
[HA] x [H2O]
+ –
[H3O ] x [A ] Kb = Kc x [H2O]
Kc x [H2O] =
[HA]

[H3O+] x [A– ] Base Dissociation Constant

Kb =
[HA]
 Base Dissociation Constant, Kb
38

 The ratio of dissociated moles to the total moles per liter in an aqueous solution
 Used to quantify the strength of the base
Higher Kb More [A– ] Strong base

Compound Kb Strong base

Acetamide (CH3CONH2) 2.5 x 10-13
Aniline (C6H5NH2) 7.4 x 10-10
Pyridine (C5H5N) 1.7 x 10-9
Ephedrine (C10H15ON) 1.32 x 10-4
Methylamine (CH3NH2) 4.38 x 10-4
weak base
Dimethylamine (CH3)2NH 5.4 x 10-4
Figure 08: Base dissociation constant at 25° C
 Relation between Ka and Kb
39

 Relationship between dissociation constants for Base-conjugate acid pair :

[H3O+] x [A– ] x [H3O+] x [A– ]

Ka x Kb=
[HA] [HA]

Ka x Kb= [H3O+] [OH-]

Ka x Kb= Kw
 Buffer Solution
40

 Buffer solution resists pH changes

 Stable pH in the presence of acid or base
 Maintains pH equilibrium

Types of Buffer solution :

1. Acidic Buffer : A weak acid and its conjugate base
Example :
CH3COOH + CH3COO-
2. Basic Buffer : A weak base and its conjugate acid
Example :
NH3 + NH4Cl
 Acidic Buffer Solution
41

_
CH3COOH (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ H3O (aq) + CH3COO (aq)
+

[CH3COO- ] [H3O+] [acid ]

Ka = log[H3O ] = logKa + log
+
[CH3COOH] [salt]
[acid ]
[CH3COOH] -pH = -pKa - log
[H3O+] = Ka x [CH3COO- ] [salt]

[acid ]
[acid ] pH = pKa + log
[H3O ] = Ka x
+ [salt]
[salt]
 Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
 Acidic Buffer Solution
42

 Contains a weak acid and its conjugate base

 Buffer capacity resists pH changes upon addition of acid or base

(OH-) is added H 2O

CH3COOH (aq) ⇌ H+ + CH3COO- (aq)

CH3COONa (aq) ⇌ Na+ + CH3COO- (aq)

(H+) is added CH3COOH

Figure 09: Working process of acidic buffer solution
 Basic Buffer Solution
43

_
NH4OH (aq) + ⇌ NH4 (aq) + OH (aq) +

_
NH4Cl (aq) + NH4 (aq) + Cl (aq)
+

(H+) is added H 2O

_
NH4OH (aq) ⇌ OH + NH4+ (aq)

_
NH4Cl (aq) ⇌ Cl + NH4+ (aq)

(H+) is added NH4OH

Figure 10: Working process of basic buffer solution
 Conclusions
44

Explored chemical equilibrium dynamics

Used Le Chatelier's principle to predict shifts

Uncovered the importance of pH and buffers

Empowered to understand and manipulate reactions

Applied knowledge to water's behavior and life's balance

Emphasized that equilibrium is a dynamic symphony

 References
45

1. Dr. S.K.S. Hajari and professor H. Nag (2022).Chemistry. Hasan book house ,Dhaka.
2. Atkins, P., & de Paula, J. (2018). Atkins' Physical Chemistry. Oxford University Press.
3. Silberberg, M. S. (2017). Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change. McGraw-Hill Education.
4. Chang, R. (2013). Chemistry. McGraw-Hill Education.