Farkhanda Zafar Raja

Problem
• Every day, we come across different
programming languages that we use for specific
purposes.
• A problem can be solved in multiple ways using
different programs.
• The approach we choose significantly affects
the time and space complexity of the code,
efficiency of development, and even the code’s
readability for other programmers.
• Before getting deep into the subject, let’s
understand what a programming paradigm
means.
 What is a Programming Paradigm?
• A programming paradigm represents the
fundamental style or methodology of
computer programming.
• Provides a conceptual framework for writing
and structuring the code in a specific language.
• Provide different tools and strategies that can
be used when solving problems, influencing
factors such as the way tasks are divided, the
nature of the data structures used, the types
of operations that are implemented, and how
tasks are coordinated.
Each language has its own unique style
and is often designed to favor a certain
programming paradigm. However, many
modern languages are multi-paradigm,
meaning they incorporate features from
several paradigms.
Imperative Programming
• Imperative programming is a programming
paradigm that uses statements to change a
program’s state. It’s concerned with
describing how a program operates in a step-
by-step manner
1. Procedural Programming
• This programming paradigm follows imperative
programming with procedural calls.
• These calls direct the system to perform the
required tasks.
• Each procedure, also known as a function, can
have multiple commands to be executed. The
function, once defined, can be called as many
times as needed to perform the same
operation.
Languages:
• C
• Fortran
• Pascal
• COBOL
2. Structured Programming
• It is an imperative programming paradigm
where we use nested loops, conditional
statements, and subroutines to define the
control flow of a program.
• This paradigm has a top-down
implementation which promotes code
readability and reusability.
Languages:
• Algol 60
• PL/I
• Pascal
• Ada 83
• Modula
3. Object-Oriented Programming
• Most widely used and most popular
programming paradigm.
• Class, Abstraction, Encapsulation,
Inheritance, and Polymorphism form the
backbone of Object-Oriented Programming
(OOP).
• Every entity in the program is considered an
object. Objects can have data associated
with them called attributes and actions they
can perform using methods.
• Languages???
Declarative Programming
• Declarative programming is a programming
approach that expresses a computation’s
logic without discussing its control flow.
• The programmer must specify what the
program must accomplish but need not
specify how it must be implemented.
1. Logic Programming
• The logic programming paradigm uses logic-
based statements to convey facts and rules.
• Logical inferences are made of instructions or
logic statements to do computation.
• Atomic statements are built using these
predicate statements.
Languages
• Prolog
• Polka
• Vulcan
• Mercury
2. Functional Programming
• Built upon the concept of mathematical
functions and immutability.
• programs are constructed by applying and
composing functions.
• This style of programming promotes a strong
separation of data and behavior, and it is
particularly useful when dealing with problems
that involve concurrency and parallelism, due to
its inherent properties such as referential
transparency and absence of side-effects.
More programming Paradigms
Visual programming
• A type of programming paradigm where
developers create computer programs by
manipulating graphical elements and symbols
rather than writing code using text-based
programming languages.
• Make programming more accessible
Here are some key characteristics and concepts related to
visual programming:
1. Graphical Representation:
In visual programming, the logic of a program is represented
graphically using visual elements like icons, symbols, and
blocks. These graphical elements are connected together to
define the flow of the program.
Drag-and-Drop Interface:
Visual programming environments typically provide a drag-
and-drop interface, allowing users to select and place
elements on a canvas or workspace. Users can then
connect these elements to create program logic.

Flow-Based Programming:
Many visual programming languages use a flow-based
programming model, where the flow of data or control is
represented by connecting blocks or nodes. This makes it
easy to visualize how data and control move through the
program.
Event-Driven Programming:
Visual programming environments are often used for
event-driven programming, where actions are triggered by
events (e.g., mouse clicks, button presses). Users can
visually define how events are handled.
Applications of Visual Programming??
 Advantages
• It is easier to learn than traditional coding, as
visual programming uses graphical symbols and
visual elements.
• It is easier to debug visual programs compared to
text-based programming.
• It is faster and more efficient.
• It uses visual elements, which can help to
remember instructions easier.
• It is visual so that it can create complex visual
output such as graphs and visualizations.
Disadvantages

• It is harder to access and modify the code of

visual programming languages.
• It is not as flexible or powerful as traditional
programming languages.
• It can be harder to debug visual programs than
text-based ones because some visual objects can
be hard to trace.
• Visual programming languages often require
purchasing visual programming software, which
may not be suitable for everyone.