Name : SHRAVANI HEMANT LABHADE

Class : TYBBA
Subject : CROSS CULTURAL HR & INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
Roll No. : 34
Topic : SIX DIMENTIONS OF CULTURE
 MEANING OF CULTURE

 Word Culture comes from the Latin word 'Cultura' related to cult or worship.
In its broadest sense, the term refers to the result of human interaction.
 According to G. Hofstede, "Culture is the collective programming of the
mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from
another.“
 Culture is a comprehensive and encompassing term that includes what we
have learned about our history, values, morals, customs, art and habits.
 MEANING OF CROSS CULTURE

 Cross culture management is the management of people and things that

involve a different cultural background.
 Cross culture management studies teach how to handle conflicts of the
heterogeneity culture and actualize effective management.
 It aims to design a feasible organizational structure and management
mechanism across the different cultural backgrounds. It also plans to use
enterprises’ resources, especially exert potential value of enterprises efficiently
and effectively.
SIX DIMENSIONS OF NATIONAL CULTURAL
BY PROF. GEERT HOFSTEDE
 POWER DISTANCE
 Power distance refers to how openly a
society or culture either accepts or High: Japan, Mexico, and the Philippines
rejects differences between people like Low: Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Israel
hierarchies in the workplace, in
politics, and so on.

 High: openly accept that a boss is "higher" and therefore deserves more
formal respect and authority.
 Low: superiors and subordinates are more likely to see each other as
equals.
 INDIVIDUALISM versus COLLECTIVISM

It considers the degree to which societies are integrated into groups

as well as their perceived obligations and dependence on groups.

 Individualism: people's tendency to take care of themselves and

their immediate circle of family and friends, perhaps at the
expense of the overall society.
• (The U.S. and Northern European societies)

 Collectivism: individual members render loyalty to the group,

and the group takes care of its individual members.
• (Singapore, Korea, Mexico and Arab nations)
 MASCULINITY versus FEMININITY
It is also referred to as "tough vs. tender," and it
considers the preference of society for
achievement, behavior, attitude towards gender
equality, etc.
 In masculine-oriented cultures, gender roles
are usually crisply defined. Men tend to be
more focused on performance, ambition, and
material Success. (Japan and Latin America)
 Feminine-oriented cultures are thought to
highlight "feminine" values such as concern
for all, emphasis on the quality of life, and a
focus on relationships. (Switzerland, New
Zealand)
 UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE

It considers the extent to which uncertainty and

ambiguity are tolerated.
 People who have high uncertainty avoidance
generally prefer to steer clear of conflict and
competition; they tend to appreciate very
clear instructions.(Japan and France)
 In countries with low uncertainty avoidance.
people are more willing to take risks.
Companies may appear less formal and
structured, and "thinking outside the box" is
valued.(Denmark, Singapore, Australia)
LONG-TERM ORIENTATION vs. SHORT- TERM ORIENTATION

It considers the extent to which society

views its time horizon.
 Long-term orientation focuses on the
distant future by delaying short-term
success in order to achieve long-term
success. (China, South Korea)
 Short-term orientation focuses on the
near future by delivering short-term
success and emphasizing the present.
(U.K. and U.S.)
 INDULGENCE versus RESTRAINT

 Indulgence indicates that a society

allows relatively free gratification
related to having fun in life.
(Australia, Canada, U.S.)
 Restraint indicates that a society
suppresses gratification of needs
and regulates it through social
norms.(Russia, China, Japan, and
South Korea)
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 http://www.google.com
 http://www.wikipedia.com
 Book of Cross Cultural HR & Industrial Relations.