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Unit-6 Concept of Isolation Insta - Husain.z.kmu
Unit-6 Concept of Isolation Insta - Husain.z.kmu
M icrobiology
BSN Semester: I
Unit:6
IFTIKHAR UL HAQ
DEMONSTRATOR
INS-KMU, PESHAWAR
OBJECTIVES
Define Isolation
Isolation is the separation of a patient from contact with others in order to control the
spread of an infectious or communicable disease.
The complete separation from others of a person suffering from contagious or infectious
disease; Quarantine.
The separation of a person with infectious disease from contact with other human beings
for the period of communicability.
According to the CDC, isolation is the act of separating a sick individual with a
contagious disease from healthy individuals without that contagious disease in order to
protect the general public from exposure of a contagious disease.
Isolation refers to the precautions that are taken in the hospital to prevent the spread of an
infectious agent from an infected or colonized patient to susceptible person.
Need Of Isolation
Isolation aimed controlling and preventing the spread of infection.
Isolation helps to protect patients, family members, visitors and health care workers from the
spread of infection.
To reduce the risk of spreading certain infections or antibiotic resistant germs to other
patients and staff.
To protect patients from infection if they have a weak immune system due to certain diseases
or taking certain drugs.
Key points
• Hand hygiene, personal protective equipment (protective clothing and other items),
single rooms with more or less sophisticated ventilation, and restrictions for
movement of patients and staff.
• The interaction occurs by means of contact between the agent and the host and is
affected by the environment.
• Breaking the chain of infection by interrupting transmission is generally the best way
to prevent infections.
Chain of Infection
Contact spread
Droplet Expelled when sneezing or coughing; less than 2m from the source.
• Direct contact occurs when microorganisms are transferred from one person to
another.
• Droplet spread: Infectious droplets that are expelled, e.g., when sneezing or
coughing, are too heavy to float in air and can be transferred less than 2m from the
source of the droplets.
• Infections spread this way include the common cold, influenza, and respiratory
syncytial viruses.
Standard Precautions
• Based on the concept that body fluids from ANY patient can be infectious.
I. Hand hygiene.
• These precautions are divided into three categories ( contact, droplet & air born) that
reflect the differences in the way infections are transmitted.
I. Contact Isolation
• Direct and indirect contact transmission is the most frequent route of transmission of
hospital acquired infections.
• Place patient in a single room, put on a gown and gloves before entering the patient’s
room.
• Remove gown and gloves just inside the door to the patient’s room and discard
within the room.
• If this is not possible, equipment must be disinfected before being used on another
patient.
• The patient must remain in the isolation room at all times except for essential tests or
procedures that cannot be performed in the room.
• The patient must wear a cover gown and gloves when out of the room.
Recommendations for Contact Enteric Precautions
• The recommendations for patient care include all of the above recommendations for
Contact Precautions, but in addition, hand washing with soap and water is required
when caring for patients with C. difficile-associated disease. (Clostridium difficile
is not eliminated by alcohol-based hand rub products)
II. GOWNS - A gown should be worn for contact with the patient and with patient items.
IV. TRANSPORT – Activities of the patient may need to be limited and when transportation
is required, the following measures should be undertaken:
• Avoid contact with objects and if necessary use gloves and maintain hand hygiene
• a) Use of dedicated patient care equipment should be considered where possible (e.g.
stethoscope)
• b) Where this is not possible, items should be disinfected after each use.
Procedure for Contact Precautions
• a) Focus on room cleaning and disinfection (e.g., daily bed rails, over bed table, bedside
commode, lavatory surfaces in patient bath rooms, door knobs) and equipment in the
immediate vicinity of the patient.
• b) Housekeeping services need to be done at the end and then change the mops, dusters,
solutions.
Infections which requires contact precautions
• Scabies
Droplet Precautions
• These droplets are relatively large and do not remain suspended in the air, therefore
negative pressure rooms are not necessary.
Recommendations for Droplet Precautions include:
• Wash hands thoroughly before entering and after exiting the room.
• Patients may not leave the room except for essential tests or procedures that cannot
be performed in the isolation room.
• The patient should wear an isolation mask when out of the room.
• Influenza (flu)
• Mumps
• Persons not immune to varicella should not enter the room. Alternate caregivers
should be assigned to the patient.
Recommendations for Airborne Contact Precautions include:
• If susceptible persons must enter the room of a patient with varicella, an isolation mask
should be worn but this may not be completely protective.
• Put on a gown, and gloves before entering the patient’s room. As part of Standard Precautions,
a mask and eye protection are required for close contact (within 3 feet) with a coughing
patient.
• Remove gown, and gloves just inside the door to the patient’s room and discard within the
room.
• Wash hands thoroughly after gown and glove removal.
Airborne Precautions
• These microorganisms are generated from the infected person, generally by coughing,
sneezing, and talking, or by procedures which generate secretions (suctioning,
bronchoscopy, etc.) and may be inhaled by a susceptible host.
Negative pressure, single room is required:
• Wash hands thoroughly or use alcohol hand gel before entering and after exiting the room.
• Use a powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) or N-95 respirator when in the room.
• Parents / primary caregivers will be screened for evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis and
will be isolated to the room with the patient until the evaluation is completed.
Cont.
• Patients may not leave the isolation room except for essential tests or procedures that
cannot be performed in the room.
• If possible, the patient wears an isolation mask when out of the room.
Relate isolation to the chain of infection cycle
Patient’s scenario:
An elderly patient, hospitalized with a gastrointestinal disorder caused by (E.coli), was on
bed rest and required assistance for activities of daily living. The patient had frequent
uncontrolled diarrhea stools and the nurse provided excellent care to maintain cleanliness
and comfort. Following one episode of cleaning the patient and changing the bed linen,
the nurse immediately went to a second patient to provide care with Foleys catheter. The
nurse’s hands were not washed before assisting the second patient.
Cont.
Infectious Agent:
• (Escherichia coli)
Reservoir:
• (Large intestine: E.coli, bacteria in the large intestine of human forms the greater part of
the normal intestinal flora)
Portal of Exit:
•The E.coli organism contaminated the hands of the nurse who then provided morning care
to another patient.
Portal of Entry:
•The second patient receiving care had a Foley catheter.
•The E.coli organism on the nurse’s hands contaminated the catheter tubing and ascended to
the patient’s meatus and then into the urinary bladder.
Cont.
Susceptible Host:
• The second patient with a Foley catheter. This patient was elderly and had a chronic
illness necessitating complete bed rest. The Foley catheter contaminated by the E.coli
organism provided a direct route into the urinary bladder.
Breaking the Chain of Infection
Patient’s scenario:
A patient assigned for morning care has an open wound on her left lower leg. The wound
is draining and when last cultured, the micro organism MRSA was identified.
In preparation of bed making, hands of the nurse were washed, clean linen and a bag for
soiled linen were gathered from the linen room and placed on the patient’s clean bed side
stand.
Breaking the Chain of Infection
To remove the soiled linen from the bed, following procedure was followed:
Hands washed
Gloves worn
Each side of the soiled linen ends folded towards the middle of the bed
Soiled linen held away from the nurse’s clean uniform
Soiled linen placed in the linen bag for later discard
Protective gloves removed.
Hands washed
Breaking the Chain of Infection
Infection Agent: MRSA
• Nurse used proper hand washing techniques, worn protective gloves and properly handled
the linen.