Art and Culture History of the 19th Century:

LECTURE 2: Setting the Scene

Édouard Manet, The Word Fair of Paris, 1867

 The Long 19th Century: 1789 (1776) - 1914

Important events France 19th Century:

• 1789: French Revolution: Storming of the Bastille

• 1791: Constitutional Monarchy
• 1792: First French Republic
• 1793-94: Terror Robespierre:
> Beheading of King Louis XVI
• 1795-1799: Directoire
• 1799: Consulate Napoleon Bonaparte
• 1804: First French Empire (Napoleon Bonaparte)
• 1815: Battle of Waterloo
• 1815-30: Restauration: Louis XVIII – Bourbon
• 1830-1848: July Revolution (Charles X - Bourbon) > July
Monarchy (Louis Philippe – Orléans)
• 1848: Second French Republic (Louis Napoleon)
• 1851: Second French Empire (Napoleon III)
• 1870-1940: Third French Republic
• 1870-71: Franco-Pruisian War
• 1871: Commune de Paris

Georg Heinrich Sieveking, Execution of Louis XVI, 1793

Emperors and Kings throughout the 19th Century:

François Gérard Robert Lefèvre Horace Vernet Franz Xaver Winterhalter

Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte King Charles X Bourgeois King Louis Philippe Emperor Napoleon III
1805 1825 1832 1855
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Franco – Pruisian War: 1870 – 1871

Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier
French Soldiers at the Front, 23 July 1870
The Siege of Paris, 1870-71
4
Commune de Paris and Third French Republic

Commune de Paris, barricades at the Place Vendôme, 1871

Léon Bonnat, Léon Gambetta, 1975

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IMPERIALISM in the 19th Century: The British Empire and its Overseas Territories

Queen Victoria
Map of the British Empire during the 19th Century, 1870 6
1837 – 1901
Colonial Wares

Throughout the Centuries and Territories:

• Sugar
• Tea
• Coffee
• Cocoa
• Tobacco
• Cotton
• Rubber
• Exotic fruit
• Exotic woods
• Spices
• …

• > Douwe Egberts

• > Colruyt
• > Van Nelle

Cadbury Van Houten

Cocoa 1886 Cocoa, 1880 7
 The Committee of Five: The Founding Fathers
American Independency: 4 of July 1776
th

American Declaration of Independence Alonzo Chappel

Franklin, Jefferson, Adams, Livingston and Sherman, 1776 Declaration of Independence 1776, 1857
Slavery and Abolitionism
If there is no struggle,
Ain’t I a Woman?
there is no progress

Frederick Douglass Sojourner Truth

A sale of slaves in Virginia, 1812 1850 1870 9
Japan opens its frontiers after centuries of isolation

Commodore Matthew Perry arrives in Japan, 1853-54

10
US Marine Officer Commodore Matthew Perry, 1853
Japonism: 2nd half of the 19th Century

Raimund von Stillfried, Bath time, 1890

Anoniem, Hair doing, 1880 11

Population explosion 19th Century

Population increase in cities:

• London 1800: ca. 1,7 mill.

• London 1900: ca. 7,5 mill.

• Paris 1800: ca. 0,5 mill.

• Paris 1900: ca. 2,8 mill.

• New York 1800: ca. 1 mill.

• New York 1900: ca. 8 mill.

Changes in:
• > Poverty
• > Architecture
• > Organization

Gustave Dore Gustave Dore 12

A City Thoroughfare: London, 1872 Warehousing in the City, 1872
First Industrial Revolution: ca. 1760 - 1840

From manual production

to mechanized production
° Factories
Steam power
Water power

Textile (cotton, wool, silk)

Production of Iron
Concrete
Chemicals
…

Production of textile in a British factory, 1st half of the 19th century 13

Second Industrial Revolution: ca. 1870 – 1914

Further mechanization
Rationalization

Telegraph and telephone

Road works
Water ways
Sewerage
Electricity
Steel
(Cast)iron
…

> Globalization

Bandwork in the factory, end of the 19th Century

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 Poverty and Social Inequality
Proletariat

Child labour in a stone factory, Antwerp

2nd half of the 19th century

Edmond Sacré 15
Working men’s houses in Ghent, end of the 19th century
The bourgeoisie as ruling class

16
Bourgeoisie visiting Blankenberge, previously a fishing village, end of the 19 century
th
Socialism – Communism
A spectre is haunting Europe – the spectre of communism
…
Proletarians of the world: unite

Marx & Engels Karl Marx, Das Kapital

Communist Manifesto, 1848 1867 (1885 & 1894)
17
Karl Marx, 1818 – 1883
Anarchism

What is property?
Property is theft
Proudhon

All belongs to all

Kropotkin

Peter Kropotkin Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

1842 – 1921 1809 – 1865 18
 Rationalism: Library
Sainte Geneviève, Paris

Henri Labrouste
19
Bibliothèque Sainte Geneviève, 1838 – 1850
Paris before and during the Haussmannisation
1853 – 1870

Charles Marville
Rue du Marché aux Fleurs, 1865 20
Paris after the Haussmannisation: L’Étoile

Charles Marville
21
Rue de Rivoli, 1885
 Charles Marville
rue Miromesnil, now Avenue Baron Haussmann, 1853-70

22
Eclecticism: Paris: Opéra Garnier
1861 - 1875

23
Maquette from the inside
Department Stores: Galeries Lafayette
1893 – 1912

Grouping of shops
and commodities

24
À la mode

An illustration from Peterson’s Magazine, 1881

25
Fashion throughout the 19th century
The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations
The Crystal Palace Exhibition

First World Fair in London, Hyde Park, 1851

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Inside view with the different galleries and pavilions
 Souvenirs from the World Fair:
Prints, catalogues, stereoscopic views

28
 World Fairs in Paris
1867 – 1878 – 1889 - 1900

1867: Machines

1878: Comfort, electric street lighting, … 1889: Eiffel Tower

First Steam trains in the United Kingdom

N° 1 Engine Locomotion, 1825

First railroad between Manchester and Liverpool, 1830

London, St. Pancras, 1868 30
Motorized private vehicles

Karl Benz, Patent motorized car, 1886 Henry Ford, First car, 1893
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Succession of the Technical Innovations

Thomas Edison, Light bulbs, 1879-90

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Electric street lighting, ca. 1875-80
 Scientific breakthroughs

Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species Louis Pasteur discovers the vaccine against rabies, 1885
By Means of Natural Selection, 1859
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Birth and development of Photography: Daguerreotype: 1839 – 1860

Louis Daguerre, Boulevard du Temple, 1838-39

Joseph Nicéphore Niépce 34

Calotype – Talbotype
1839

William Henri Fox Talbot

35
The Pencil of Nature, 1844
 Madame Bovary L’Education sentimentale
Moeurs de Province, 1857 1870

36
Gustave Flaubert
Oliver Twist, 1830 A Christmas Carol, 1843

Charles Dickens 37