Mobile

Mobile Communication
Communication(CEN406)
(CEN406)
Lecture 1 – Introduction
Dr. Sarmad Ahmed Shaikh
Computer Science department
sarmad.ahmed107@gmail.com

Sindh Madressatul Islam University (SMIU)

Karachi Fall-2023
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 Fare clic perCourse Objectives
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To familiarize students to

 State-of-the-art mobile communication and their fundamental

backend
– Cellular concept

 Relevant techniques for data transmission in wireless channels

– Fading channel models, digital modulation techniques, etc
– The performance in fading channels of digital modulation, antenna diversity
techniques, and multicarrier modulation techniques

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 Course
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 Instructor: Dr. Sarmad Ahmed Shaikh
– Computer Science Department, SMIU

 Text book:
– T. Rappaport, Wireless communications: Principles and practice, 2001
– Wireless and Cellular Telecommunications, by William Lee

 Class material
– Slides and class activities

 Credit Hours:
– 3

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 Assessment
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Quizzes 2 X 10 20
Assignments 2 X 10 20
Class participation 1 X 05 05
Mid Exam 1 X 20 20
Final Exam 1 X 40 40
Project 1 X 15 15
Total 100

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 Fare clic perCourse Contents
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 Project lo stile del titolo
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 With the project, student will learn all necessary steps on how to
build a mobile communication system from the idea phase to the
final design and characterization phase.

 Group
– Not more than 3 students per group

 Submission of proposal
– 3rd week of the course

 Deliverable
– All project components i.e., coding, graphs, results
– Report (A-Z) in the form of IEEE-paper format
– Final presentation

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 Fare clic perAbout the Classes
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 You’re welcome to ask questions.
– You can interrupt me at any time.
– Please don’t disturb others in the class.

 Our responsibility is to facilitate you to learn.

– You have to make the effort.

 Spend time reviewing lecture notes afterwards.

 If you have a question on the lecture material after a class, then

– Look up a book! Be resourceful.
– Try to work it out yourself.
– Ask me during the problem class or one of scheduled times of availability.

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Introduction

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 Fare clicWhat’s Communications?
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 Communication involves the transfer of information from one
point to another.
– Wired (Public Telephony)
– Wireless (mobile phone)

 Three basic elements

– Transmitter: converts message into a form suitable for transmission
– Channel: the physical medium, introduces distortion, noise, interference
– Receiver: reconstruct a recognizable form of the message

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 Fare clicCommunication Channel
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 The channel is central to operation of a communication system
– Linear (e.g., mobile radio) or nonlinear (e.g., satellite)
– Time invariant (e.g., fiber) or time varying (e.g., mobile radio)

 The information-carrying capacity of a communication system is

proportional to the channel bandwidth

 Pursuit for wider bandwidth

– Copper wire: 1 MHz
– Coaxial cable: 100 MHz
– Microwave: GHz
– Optical fiber: THz
• Uses light as the signal carrier
• Highest capacity among all practical signals

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 Fare clicNoise in Communications
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 Unavoidable presence of noise in the channel
– Noise refers to unwanted waves that disturb communications
– Signal is contaminated by noise along the path

 External noise: interference from nearby channels, human made

noise, natural noise...

 Internal noise: thermal noise, random emission... in electronic

devices
 Noise is one of the basic factors that set limits on communications.

 A widely used metric is the signal-to-noise (power) ratio (SNR)

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 Fare clicTransmitter and lo
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 The transmitter modifies the message signal into a form suitable
for transmission over the channel

 This modification often involves modulation

– Moving the signal to a high-frequency carrier (up-conversion) and varying
some parameter of the carrier wave
– Analog: AM, FM, PM
– Digital: ASK, FSK, PSK (SK: shift keying)
 The receiver recreates the original message by demodulation
– Recovery is not exact due to noise/distortion
– The resulting degradation is influenced by the type of modulation

 Design of analog communication is conceptually simple

 Digital communication is more efficient and reliable; design is
more sophisticated
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 Objectives
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 Two primary resources in communications
– Transmitted power (should be green)
– Channel bandwidth (very expensive in the commercial market)

 In certain scenarios, one resource may be more important than

the other
– Power limited (e.g. deep-space communication)
– Bandwidth limited (e.g. telephone circuit)

 Objectives of a communication system design

– The message is delivered both efficiently and reliably, subject to certain
design constraints: power, bandwidth, and cost.
– Efficiency is usually measured by the amount of messages sent in unit
power, unit time and unit bandwidth.
– Reliability is expressed in terms of SNR or probability of error.

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 Fare clicMobile Communication
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 Also called wireless communication (Wirl Comm)

 Transmitting and Receiving data and voice/video using

electromagnetic waves in open space
– The information from sender to receiver is carried over a well defined radio
frequency band (channel)

– Each channel has a fixed frequency bandwidth and capacity (bit-rate)

– Different channels can be used to transmit information in parallel and

independently

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 Fare clic perSimple Example
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 Assume a spectrum of 120 KHz is allocated over a base frequency
for communication between station A and B

 Each channel occupies 40KHz

– Not so simple in real world – no sharp cut offs.
– Receiver has a filter, which would determine the cutoff frequency
– In real life, a lot of frequency overlap takes place. Use “Guard Bands”

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Frequency spectrum allocation for the U.S. cellular radio service. Identically
labeled channels in the two bands form a forward and reverse channel pair
used for duplex communication between the base station and mobile. Note
that the forward and reverse channels in each pair are separated by 45 MHz.
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Block Diagram
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a Generallo
Wirl
stileComm System
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Transmitter Antenna
Modulating
Signal Impedance
Modulator Amplifier Matching
Network
Carrier
Signal

Antenna Receiver

IF filter and Demodulator Display

RF Amplifier Mixer device/
Amplifier /LPF
Speaker

LO

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 Types
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 Mobile
– Cellular Phones (GSM/CDMA/UMTS)

 Portable
– IEEE 802.11 a/b/g (WiFi)

 Fixed
– IEEE 802.16 (Wireless MAN)

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 FareMajor
clic perMobile RadioloStandards
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 Typical
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 FM Radio ~ 88MHz
 TV Broadcast ~200MHz
 GSM Phone ~900/1800 MHz
 GPS ~1.2GHz
 Bluetooth ~2.4GHz
 WiFi ~2.4GHz

 2.4GHz is not the highest frequency, there are equipment using

higher frequencies, i.e., X-band radar, millimeter wave comm
– 2.4 GHz is free band, not requiring license
– i.e., ISM (Industrial, scientific, medical) band

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 Electromagnetic
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Honeycomb
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 FareCellular
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 A large area is partitioned into cells
 Frequency reuse to maximize capacity

A cellular system. The towers represent base stations (BS) which provide
25 radio access between mobile users and the mobile switching center (MSC).
 History
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Antonio Meucci, 1871

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D. Ring, R. Young, 1947

R. Frenkiel, J. Engel, P. Porter,
1967
M. Cooper, 1973

 1983: AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) released using the

800-900 MHz band. 30 kHz bandwidth for each channel. AMPS is
the first standardized cellular service in the world!

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 Fare clic per modificare lo stile del titolo
 1992: World’s first commercial SMS was sent
 2003: Subscribership in the wireless industry surpasses 150
million.
 2009: Cellular subscribers in Pakistan exceeds 90 million
 2020: Cellular subscribers in Pakistan exceeds 164.9 million
– 75% of population

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 Growth
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 1G: analog communications
– AMPS, voice
 2G: digital communications
– GSM, voice
– IS-95
 3G: CDMA networks
– WCDMA, digital data
– CDMA2000
– TD-SCDMA
 4G: data rate up to
1 Gbps (giga bits per second)
– Pre-4G technologies: WiMax, 3G LTE

 5G: Coming soon with data rates in 10s to 100s Gbps

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 Butmodificare
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 Freedom from Wires!
– No cost of installing wires or rewiring
– No bunches of wires running here and there
– Auto or “Magical” instantaneous communication without physical
connection!

 Global Coverage
– Communication can reach where wiring is infeasible or costly
• rural areas, battle fields, vehicles, outer space (Sattellites)

 Human desire running billions of dollars industry !!

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 Stay Connected
– Roaming allows flexibility to stay connected anywhere anytime
– Rapidly growing market attests to public need for mobility and
uninterrupted access
 Flexibility
– Services reach you wherever you go (Mobility). E.g. you don’t have to go to
lab to check email
– Connect to multiple devices simultaneously

 Increasing dependence on telecommunication services for

business and personal reasons

 Consumers and businesses willing to pay for it!

 “Stay connected – anywhere, anytime” is driving the industry

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 Wi-Fi lo stile del titolo
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 Wi-Fi connects “local” computers (usually within 100m range)

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 IEEE
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 802.11b
– Standard for 2.4GHz (unlicensed) ISM band
– 1.6-10 Mbps, 500 ft range
 802.11a
– Standard for 5GHz band
– 20-70 Mbps, variable range
– Similar to HiperLAN in Europe
 802.11g
– Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands
– Speeds up to 54 Mbps, based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM)
 802.11n
– Data rates up to 600 Mbps
– Use multi-input multi-output (MIMO)

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 FareSatellite/Space Communication
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 Satellite communication
– Cover very large areas
– Optimized for one-way transmission
• Radio (DAB) and movie (SatTV) broadcasting
– Two-way systems
• The only choice for remote-area and maritime communications
• Propagation delay (0.25 s) is uncomfortable in voice communications
 Space communication
– Missions to Moon, Mars, …
– Long distance, weak signals
– High-gain antennas
– Powerful error-control coding

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 Future
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 Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Devices
– Wireless Internet access
– Nth generation Cellular
– Ad Hoc Networks
– Sensor Networks
– Wireless Entertainment
– Smart Homes/Grids
– Automated Highways
– All this and more…

An example of next-generation location-based

communication system.

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 Challenges
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Hard Delay Constraints and Hard Energy Constraints

 Efficient Hardware
– Low Power Transmitters and Receivers
– Low Power Signal Processing Tools
• Battery and Radiation

 Efficient use of finite radio spectrum

– Costly spectrum
– Cellular frequency reuse, medium access control protocols etc

 Integrated Services
– Voice, data, multimedia – all over single network
– Service differentiation, priorities, resource sharing

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 Multimedia Requirements

Voice Data Video

Delay < 100 ms - < 100 ms
Packet Loss < 1% 0 < 1%
Data Rate 8-32 Kbps 1-100 Mbps 1 – 20 Mbps
Traffic Continuous Bursty Continuous

One size doesn’t fit all!

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 Network support for user mobility
– Location identification
– Handover

 Maintaining Quality of Service (QoS) over unreliable links

 Connectivity and coverage (internetworking)

 Cost effective

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 Fading from Multipath

 Probability of data corruption

– Wireless is not robust, error detecting techniques are required

 Security mechanisms
– Privacy, authentications
– For every lock, there is a key
– Ever evolving

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 Re-emphasize:
Fare Wireless
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 Wireless doesn’t necessarily mean mobile

 Wireless system may be:

– Fixed: Metropolitan Area Network
– Portable: Wireless interaction between laptops
– Mobile: Mobile Phone

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 Fare clic perProject Options
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 Literature survey in the form of IEEE journal paper on
special/advanced topics i.e.,
– 5G Technology for Mobile Communication
– Internet-of-Things (IoT) usage in Mobile Communication
– Radio Localization in Mobile Communication Systems
– AESA radar system design and implementation
– WiMAX Technology
– WiFi Technology
– LiFi usage in Mobile Communication
– Optical Wireless Communication
– Or your idea any !!!!

 Each group should not be more than 4 students

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