OWR00001 General Description of 3G

ISSUE 1.0

Wireless Curriculum Development Section

 Course Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction to IMT-2000

Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental

Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods

Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode

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 Development of Mobile Communications

1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation

1980s (analog) 1990s (digital) current (digital)

GSM UMTS
AMPS
WCDMA
CDMA
TACS IS95 CDMA
Analog to Digital Voice to Broadband
2000
NMT TDMA
IS-136 TD-
OTHERS SCDMA
PDC

3G provides:
 Complete integrated service
solutions
 High bandwidth
 Unified air interface
 Best spectral efficiency and
……………… a step towards PCS

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 Standardization Course of ITU IMT-2000

 1985: FPLMTS, renamed as IMT-2000 in 1996

 1992: 230MHz spectrum was allocated in WRC92
 1999.3: Key parameters of IMT-2000 RTT were completed
 1999.11: Technical specifications of IMT-2000 RTT were c
ompleted
 2000: All the network standards of IMT2000 were complet
ed
 “Family concept ” was adopted in network part
 Standardization organizations such as 3GPP(1998.12), 3
GPP2 (1999) were established

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 Target of IMT-2000

 Global uniform frequency band and standard, global

seamless coverage
 High efficient spectrum utility
 High quality of service, high security
 Easy for evolution from 2G system
 Providing multimedia service
 Car speed environment: 144kbps
 Walk speed environment: 384kbps
 Indoor environment: 2048kbps

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 Standards for 3G

CDMA2000
3GPP2
FDD mode

WCDMA TD-SCDMA
3GPP 3G system CWTS
FDD/TDD mode
TDD mode

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 Main CDMA 3G Proposals

Regional Standard Radio Transmission

Organization(RSO) Technology(RTT)

U.S. TIA(TR 45.5) cdma2000

T1 W-CDMA

Korea TTA TTA1(~cdma2000)

TTA2(~W-CDMA)

Japan ARIB W-CDMA

Europe ETSI(SMG 2) W-CDMA

China CWTS TD-SCDMA

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 Spectrum Allocation of IMT-2000

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250

2010 MHz

ITU IMT 2000 MSS

IMT 2000 MSS

1885 MHz 2025 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz

Europe GSM 1800 DECT UMTS MSS UMTS MSS

1805 MHz 1880 MHz 1980 MHz

cellular(1) cellular(2) cellular(2) 2025MHz

GSM FDD TDD FDD

China 1800
CDMA
WLL WLL
CDMA
WLL
1920

1945

1960

1980
1865

1885

1895

1918

2170 MHz

Japan C PHS IMT A2000 MSS

B IMT A’2000 MSS
1865
1870

1885
1890

1930

1945

1965

1975
1895

1910

1970

1990 MHz 2165 MHz

PCS
USA A D B EF C A D B EF C MSS Broadcast auxiliary Reserve MSS

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 215 220 225

0 0 0

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 3G Spectrum (After WARC2000)

800 850 900 950 1000 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700

* *
ITU Identifications IMT 2000 IMT 2000
IMT 2000 IMT 2000 MSS MSS
IMT 2000

DECT
Europe GSM GSM 1800
UMTS MSS UMTS MSS
UMTS

China** Cellular GSM IMT 2000 IMT 2000 MSS

[GSM 1800, PCS] MSS
IMT 2000

Japan,
PHS

Korea (w/o PHS) PDC IMT 2000 MSS IMT 2000 MSS
IMT 2000

PCS
Cellular IMT-
Americas***
UPCS

MSS MSS
2000 A D B EF C A D B EF C
Reserve IMT 2000

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 QoS Requirements of Different Services

Quality (BER)

conversational

streaming

interactive

background

Time delay

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 Course Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction to IMT-2000

Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental

Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods

Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode

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 Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental

 2.1 Radio Transmission Environment

 2.2 Multiple Access Technology and

Duplex Technology

 2.3 CDMA Principle and RAKE Technology

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 Multi-path Environment

Transmitted
signal

Received
signal

Time

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 Fading

 Transmitted Signal

 Received Signal
0
-5
-10
-15
dB

-20
-25
-30
-35
-40

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 Fading

Received Power(dBm)

-20 Fast fading

Slow fading

-40

-60

Distance(m)
10 20 30
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 Frequency Selection of Fading

P(f) P(f)

Fading
Narrowband
System
f f
Transmit Signal Received Signal

P(f) P(f)

Fadin
g
Broadband
System f f
Transmit Signal Received Signal

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 Multi-path Characteristics of Mobile Channel

 Electromagnetic transmission - reflection,scattering, diffractio

n
 Signal fading can be divided into three parts in radio environ
ment:
 Path loss: with big range of fading
 Big scale fading:slow-speed, with middle range of fading, also w
ith logarithm normal distribution characteristic
 Small scale fading: fast-speed, with small range of fading
 Two typical types of small scale fading include:
 Rayleigh distribution (not line-of-sight transmission)
 Ricean distribution(line-of-sight transmission)

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 Category of Typical Radio Channel

 Static Channel
 Indoor Channel
 Outdoor-to-indoor pavement Channel
 Vehicle mounted Channel
 Moving Channel
 Birth-death Channel

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 Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental

 2.1 Radio Transmission Environment

 2.2 Multiple Access Technology and

Duplex Technology

 2.3 CDMA Principle and RAKE Technology

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 Multiple Access Technology and Duplex
Technology

 Multiple access technology

 Time division multiple access (TDMA)
 Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
 Code division multiple access (CDMA)
 Duplex technology
 Time division duplex (TDD)
 Frequency division duplex (FDD)

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 Multiple Access Technology and Duplex
Technology

CDMA Traffic channels: different

users are assigned unique
Power code and transmitted over
cy
the same frequency band,
Tim uen for example, WCDMA and
e q
e Fr CDMA2000

TDMA

Power
Traffic channels: different time slots
are allocated to different users, for
y example, DAMPS and GSM
e nc
Ti m qu
e Fre

FDMA Us
e
Us ser r
U
Us er
Us er
er Traffic channels: different frequency bands
Power
Us are allocated to different users,for example,
er y
e nc AMPS and TACS
Ti m
re qu
e
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 Characteristics of CDMA System

 High Spectral Efficiency

 Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.
 soft capacity
 Quality
 Coverage
 Interference
 Self-interference system
 A UE transmission power is interference for another
UE.

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 Processing Procedure of CDMA System

Source Channel
Spreading Modulation
coding coding

Radio channel

Source Channel Despreading Demodulation

decoding decoding

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 Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental

 2.1 Radio Transmission Environment

 2.2 Multiple Access Technology and

Duplex Technology

 2.3 CDMA Principle and RAKE Technology

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 correlation

 Correlation is a measure of similarity of between any two

arbitrary signals.
 EXAMPLE:
+1
0
-1 1 -1 1
-1 -1 1 -1 -1
+1 1 1 1 1
0 1 correlation
-1 Identical signals

+1
0
-1
-1 1 -1 1
11 11
+1 -1 1 -1 1
0 Zero correlation
-1 Orthogonal signals

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 OVSF&Walsh

 Creating the orthogonal code sequences

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

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 Autocorrelation

Example: -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1

Correlation
Delay time sequence correlation
0 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 1
1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1/7
2 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1/7
3 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1/7
4 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1/7
5 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1/7
Delay time (chip)
6 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1/7

 Autocorrelation is related to the muti-path interference characteristic.

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 Configuration of Gold Sequence Generator

 Gold sequence is used as scrambling code in WCDMA

clong,1,n
MSB LSB

clong,2,n

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 Spreading and Despreading (DS-CDMA)
Symbol

1
Data
-1

Chip
Spreading
Spreading code 1
-1

Spreading signal 1
=Data×code
-1

Despreading
1
Spreading code
-1

Data 1
=Spreading×code
-1

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 Spreading and Despreading (DS-CDMA)
Desired signal

1
Desired spreading signal
-1
1
Spreading code
-1
1
Data after despreading
-1
8
Data after integration
-8

Other user’s signal

Other spreading signal

Other signal after despreading

1
-1
8
Other signal after integration -8

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 Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Despreading

P(f) Spreading code

P(f)

f P(f)
f
Narrowband signal Broadband signal
f

Noise

Recovered signal Signal Noise+Broadband signal

P(f) Combination
P(f)

f
f Spreading code

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 Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1

Correlator 2 Combiner The combined

Receive set signal
Correlator 3

Calculate the
Searcher correlator
time delay and
signal strength
s(t) s(t)

t t

RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance

the receive performance of the system

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 Structure of RAKE Receiver

Input signal
I
Phase Delay ∑I I
Correlator
Q Equalizer
Rotator

Code Channel ∑Q
generators estimator Q

Combiner
Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

匹配滤波器
Matched
Filter

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 Advantages of CDMA
 RAKE receiver is adopted
 The time diversity effect generated by channel coherence time is
efficiently used.
 frequency diversity
 Wideband frequency spectrum
 Higher interference tolerance and security performance
 Low signal transmission power
 Great flexibility in carrying multiple services with largely different
bit rate and QoS requirement.
 Different spreading factors for different services with different data r
ates
 High spectral efficiency
 All users can share the same frequency spectrum simultaneously.
 Supporting soft handover and softer handover.
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 Course Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction to IMT-2000

Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental

Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods

Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode

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 Introduction to Diversity Technique
 Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated
signals for combining

 Reduce the effects of fading

 fast fading caused by multipath
 Slow fading caused by shadowing
 Improve the reliability of communication
 Increase the coverage and capacity
 Macroscopic diversity
 Soft handover and softer handover
 Reduce large-scale fading
 Microscopic diversity

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 Microscopic Diversity

 Time diversity
 Channel coding, Block interleaving, error-correction
 Frequency diversity
 The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth
frequency spectrum
 Space diversity
 Receive diversity
 Transmit diversity
 Polarization diversity
 Vertical polarization
 Horizontal polarization

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 Basic Combining Methods

 Maximal-Ratio Combiner
 The mutipath signals are weighted proportional to their si
gnal SNR and then summed.
 Equal-Gain Combiner
 Equal-gain combining is similar to maximal-ratio combinin
g, but there is no attempt to weight the signal before additi
on.
 Selection Combiner
 Choose the signal with the highest instantaneous quality,
so the output quality is equal to that of the best incoming
signal.

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 WCDMA Rx/Tx Diversity

 Forward link capacity is the bottle neck of CDMA cellular

system capacity. WCDMA standard has deeply researched
the application of transmission diversity. New transmit
diversity scheme has been put forward. It will improve
forward link capacity.
 Open loop transmission diversity
 transmit diversity based on space-time block coding (STTD)
 Time switched transmit diversity on SCH (TSSD)
 Closed loop transmission diversity, FBI domain
 Site selection diversity(macro diversity) cell selection, FBI
domain

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 Transmitter Antenna Diversity
Based on Time-space Block Coding

b0 b1 b2 b3 Antenna 1

b0 b1 b2 b3

-b2 b3 b0 -b1 Antenna 2

Channel bits

STTD encoded channel bits

for antenna 1 and antenna 2.

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 Time Switched Transmit Diversity on SCH

S lo t # 0 S lo t # 1 S lo t # 2 S lo t # 1 4

acp acp acp

A n te n n a 1
i,0
acs acs
i,2
acs
i,1 4

acp
A n te n n a 2
i,1
acs

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 Closed Loop Transmit Diversity

C P IC H 1 A nt1
w1
Tx
S prea d/scram ble


DPCCH
D PC H A nt2
DPDCH
Tx

w2 C P IC H 2

Rx
w1 w2

W eight G eneration Rx

D eterm ine FB I m essage

fro m U plink D P C C H

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 Receiving Effects for Different Multi-path Diversity

1-path rayl
2-path rayl
0.1 5-path rayl
No attenuation
BER

0.01

0.001

0.0001
5 10 15
SNR（dB)

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 Smart Antenna

 Reduce interference
 Increase coverage and capacity

interference

Wanted signal

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 Smart Antenna

Omni antenna Directional antenna Smart antenna

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 Course Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction to IMT-2000

Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental

Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods

Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode

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 Characteristics of WCDMA FDD

 Channel bandwidth: 5MHz

 Chip rate: 3.84Mcps
 Frame length: 10ms
 Voice coding: AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate)
 Uplink and downlink modulation: QPSK/QPSK
 Coherence demodulation aided with pilot
 Fast closed loop power control: 1500Hz
 Handover: soft/hard handover
 Support synchronous and asynchronous NodeB
operation

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 Characteristics of WCDMA FDD

 Satisfy the minimum performance requirement of IMT2000

 Compatible with GSM-MAP core network
 Comparatively steady version R99 has been released
 Support open loop and closed loop transmit diversity mode
 Support Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink Share
Channel, adapt to Internet data access mode
 Support macro diversity, selection diversity of NodeB location
 Support different fast power control algorithms and open loop,
out loop power control
 Fully support UE locating services

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 WCDMA Voice Evolution

 Adopt AMR voice coding, and support voice quality of

4.75Kbps ~ 12.2Kbps
 Adopt soft handover and transmit diversity to improve
system capacity
 Provide high fidelity voice mode
 Fast power control

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 Data Service Evolution of WCDMA

 Support maximum 2Mbps data service

 Support packet switch
 Adopt ATM platform currently
 Provide QoS
 Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink Share
Channel(DSCH) can support Internet packet services better
 Provide mobile IP service(dynamic allocation of IP addresses)
 TFCI domain provides dynamic data rate
 Provide high-quality support for uplink-downlink symmetric
data service, such as voice, video phone, conference TV

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