KU 13 Antenna

1.
1 Main Technical Parameters of Antenna

System
 What is the antenna?
The antenna is a device which transforms guided
electromagnetic signals into electromagnetic waves propagating
in free space. It can be used for reception and transmission.
 What is antenna radiation pattern?

The relative distribution of antenna radiated power as a
function of direction in space is the radiation pattern of the
antenna .
1.1 Main Technical Parameters of Antenna
System
 Several conception of antenna radiation pattern?
Main lobe
Side lobe
First lobe
System
 Several conception of antenna radiation pattern?
Half-power beam width (3dB beam width)
10dB beam width
1 Main Technical Parameters of Antenna
System
 What is antenna directivity and gain ?
Antenna Direction
An antenna does not radiate uniformly in all directions. The
variation of the intensity with direction in space is described
by the directivity .
The maximum directivity often is referred to simply as
the directivity.
power radiated per unit solid angle
D( ,  ) 
average power radiated per unit solid angle
dP / d dP / d
 r  4 r
Pr / 4 Pr
System
Antenna Gain
The gain of an antenna is defined in a manner similar to that
for the directivity, except that the total input power to the
antenna rather than the total radiated power is used as the
reference.
power radiated per unit solid angle
G ( , )  4
input power
dPr / d
 4  D( , )
Pin
System
Antenna Gain
Isotropy antenna gain
Antenna Gain
Sketch Map of Antenna Gain

System
The calculating equation of the antenna gain is:
4S
G 
 2
Where, S - area of the main reflector surface; λ - operating

wavelength; η- total efficiency of the antenna.
System
 What is antenna polarization ?
Polarization is defined the E-field vector moving trace. There are linear polarization (abbr. LP) and
circular polarization (abbr. CP).
Sketch Map for LP

System
LP is divided by horizontal linear polarization (ab.HLP) and vertical linear polarization
(ab.VLP).
LP Sketch Map for Dipole

System
LP Sketch Map for Waveguide

System
CP is divided by left hand circular polarization (ab.LHCP) and right hand
circular polarization (ab.RHCP).
Sketch Map for CP

System
In general, there is often elliptical polarization in reality, defined by the
ratio of the two axises of ellipse.
Elliptical Polarization
System
In general, there are both Co-polar polarization and Cross-polar
polarization in project application.
Co-polar Polarization: for the axis direction, it’s identical to the antenna
polarization;
Cross-Polarization: for antennas with linear polarization, it’s the
polarization of the electric field which is orthogonal to the co-polar
polarization; for antenna with circular polarization, it’s the circular
polarization with a rotation direction opposite to that defined for the co-polar
polarization;
System
 What is antenna noise temperature
The noise temperature of an earth-station antenna is one of the factors contributing
to the system noise temperature of a receiving system.
Atmospheric attenuation noise
Noise resulting from earth radiation

（ 6K ）
Antenna Noise Cosmic background noise （ 2.8
Temperature K）
Insertion loss of the

antenna feed.
Ohmic losses （ 3 ～
4K ）
System
What is antenna noise temperature
The noise temperature of an earth-station antenna is one of the factors contributing to the system noise temperature of a receiving system.
Ta－The antenna noise temperature estimated to feed radiation aperture.

Lf－Feed insertion loss,
T0－Environmental temperature, which is equal to the sum of 273 and environmental temperature value , its unit is K.
Ta 1
Tan   (1  )T0
LF LF
1.2 Paraboloidal Reflector Antenna Type
 Paraboloidal Reflector Antennas
There is broad class of antennas, more conveniently viewed as aperture
antennas, in which the radiation is considered to occur from an aperture.
More common antennas in this class are the paraboloidal reflector antenna.
There are modified dual-offset paraboloidal reflectors in CETC54. They
have avoided the disadvantage of the single offset paraboloidal reflector
and dual-offset circular symmetric paraboidal reflector. They are named as
modified Cassegrain reflector and ring-focus reflector.
1.3 Operation Principle of Dual-Reflector
Antenna System
 Antenna Receiving Principles
The antenna aligns satellite, the satellite signals are transmitted via main
reflector and subreflector to the feed, then output from the corresponding
port of feed and finally sent to the tracking receiver after LNA amplification.
 Antenna Transmitting Principles
Tthe transmitting signals are sent from HPA to the feed via waveguide and
radiated by the feed, then reflected to the free space via main reflector and
subreflector of antenna and propagated to satellite.
The antenna can simultaneously transmit and receive electromagnetic
wave signals.
1.3 Operation Principle of Dual-Reflector
Antenna System
Sketch Map of Antenna Operation Principle

2.2 System Composition of Ku-band 13m
Antennas
Feed Subsystem
Structure Subsystem
Servo Control and Tracking

13M LMA Antenna
Subsystem
Accessorial Equipment
System Composition
2.2 System Composition of Ku-13m Antennas
HPA
Feed
Satellite
Equipment
LNA
Si T
r Tracking
gn a
c
k Receiver
al i AZ Motor Antenna
n
g
M& EL Motor
C Antenna
Antenna Drive
Co
mp Control Unit Pol Motor
ut Unit(ACU) (ADU)
er Safe
Protection
Device
AZ Encoder
EL Encoder
Pol Encoder
Principle Block Diagram of System of Ku-band 13m Antenna

2.3 Feed Subsystem
Principle Block Diagram of System of Ku-band Feed

2.3 Feed Subsystem
Input Taper
Section
Output Flare
Section
Mode Converter Frequency Change Angle Change

Section Section Section
Corrugated Horn of Feed

2.4 Structure Subsystem
Antenna Reflector
Structure
Subsystem
Antenna Pedestal
System Composition and Design
Hub
Antenna Reflector
The reflector is divided into three rings. Inner ring reflector is divided
into 16 same sector unit plates; the middle ring is divided into 32
sector unit plates and the outer ring is divided into 32 sector unit
plates. So the main reflector of antenna is composed of 80 reflector
units Main Reflector is divided by three rings:80 panels
AZ and EL
Elevation Drive Device
Combination
Safeguard and Platform
ladder
Kingpost
tripod
Azimuth Drive Device
Antenna Pedestal
AC Motor Decelerator Worm Gear Pair Lead Screw Nut Pair
Principle Block Diagram of Drive Chain for AZ and EL

System
2.5 Composition
Servo Controland
andDesign
Tracking Subsystem
The servo tracking equipment uses Model 7200 antenna control device and
DTR Ku-band beacon receivers provided by VertexRSI company.
Please see the document “OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL

FOR THE 7200 ANTENNA CONTROL SYSTEM” and the document
“OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL FOR THE DIGITAL
TRACKING RECEIVER” in detail..
System
3.1Composition and Design
Detection Devices for Safety Protection
The limit protection switches include: AZ HW CW limit switch, AZ HW

CCW limit switch, EL HW up limit switch, EL HW down limit switch,
polarization HW CW limit switch, and polarization HW CCW switch. If the
limit has been exceeded but the antenna is still moving, stop the antenna
manually, then check if the limit switch is damaged or the limit range has
changed. Replace the damaged limit switch immediately or readjust the
limit to the required range if the limit range has changed.
System
3.1Composition and Design
Detection Devices for Safety Protection
For the Azimuth axis, there are two sets mounted under a cover. Each
set contains CCW and CW switches. One set is provided for each sector.
A striker bar is provided with three positions. One position is used for
each sector. The third position is a “storage” position. In this position, no
switches are activated. Normally the bar is made from galvanised steel.
The switches are mounted on a plate with curved slots, to allow for about
10° of position adjustment. A similar arrangement is used in elevation, but
without the sector-adjustment bar. i.e. the bar is fixed in one position.
4 Maintenance
Maintenance List
Maintenance The number
No Maintenance content
periods of worker
1 Check the film of horn every six months 1
2 Check The screw cover every six months 1
3 Check and maintain the
every year 2
antenna pedestal
4 Check the shaft, bearing,
leading screw, worm gear
reducer, planetary reducer and every year 2
cycloid pinwheel reducer and
apply lubricant
5 every three
Paint 3
years.

KU 13 Antenna

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1.

1 Main Technical Parameters of Antenna

 What is antenna radiation pattern?

Isotropy antenna gain

Sketch Map of Antenna Gain

Where, S - area of the main reflector surface; λ - operating

Sketch Map for LP

LP Sketch Map for Dipole

LP Sketch Map for Waveguide

Sketch Map for CP

Atmospheric attenuation noise

Noise resulting from earth radiation

Insertion loss of the

Ta－The antenna noise temperature estimated to feed radiation aperture.

Sketch Map of Antenna Operation Principle

Servo Control and Tracking

Principle Block Diagram of System of Ku-band 13m Antenna

Principle Block Diagram of System of Ku-band Feed

Mode Converter Frequency Change Angle Change

Corrugated Horn of Feed

Safeguard and Platform

Azimuth Drive Device

AC Motor Decelerator Worm Gear Pair Lead Screw Nut Pair

Principle Block Diagram of Drive Chain for AZ and EL

Please see the document “OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL

The limit protection switches include: AZ HW CW limit switch, AZ HW

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