By : Prajit Kotal

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

OF FIRST ORDER

Bernoulli's Equation
 Bernoulli's Equation
 Topics Covered:
1) WHAT IS BERNOULLI'S EQUATION
2) FORMULA USED TO SOLVE BERNOULLI'S EQUATION
3) REAL WORLD APPLICATION OF BERNOULLI'S EQUATION
4) 3 APPLICATIONS
 What is Bernoulli's Equation

Bernoulli's Equation
 Bernoulli's equation is a first-order linear ordinary differential equation that commonly
arises in various scientific and engineering contexts, especially in fluid dynamics.

 The general form of Bernoulli's equation is:

+P(x)y=Q(x)+R(x)

 Bernoulli's equation is widely used in physics and engineering, particularly in fluid

mechanics, to describe various phenomena such as fluid flow in pipes, nozzles, and
airfoils. The equation helps analyze the relationships between pressure, velocity, and
elevation in a fluid along a streamline.
FORMULAS USED TO SOLVE BERNOULLI'S EQUATION
REAL WORLD APPLICATION OF BERNOULLI'S EQUATION

 Bernoulli's differential equation serves as a fundamental tool in understanding

and predicting fluid behavior in a multitude of practical situations, ranging from
medical applications to the design and operation of various engineering systems.

 Bernoulli's equation is a first-order linear ordinary differential equation that

commonly arises in various scientific and engineering contexts, especially in
fluid dynamics.

 Here are some notable applications:

 1) Blood Flow
 Bernoulli's equation is applied to describe blood flow through arteries by considering the
principles of fluid dynamics and the conservation of energy. In the context of blood flow,
Bernoulli's equation is particularly useful in understanding the relationship between blood
pressure, blood velocity, and potential energy within the circulatory system.
In the context of blood flow through
 The general form of Bernoulli's equation is as follows: arteries:

P : represents the blood pressure

within the artery.

ρ : is the density of blood.

• As blood flows through narrower sections of arteries,
the velocity of the blood tends to increase. v : is the blood velocity.
• According to Bernoulli's equation, an increase in blood
g : is the acceleration due to gravity
velocity is associated with a decrease in blood (which is often negligible for
pressure, and vice versa. horizontal blood vessels).
• This relationship is crucial for understanding the
ℎ : is the height above a reference
dynamics of blood flow, especially in areas where point (which is also often negligible in
arteries narrow or widen. horizontal blood vessels).
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 2) AEROFOIL LIFT
 Bernoulli's equation is applied to understand lift by examining the relationship between the pressure and velocity
of air as it flows over the wings of an aircraft, also known as airfoils. The principle is based on the conservation
of energy in fluid flow. Here's a breakdown of how Bernoulli's equation is applied to the understanding of lift

 Bernoulli's equation relates the pressure, velocity, and potential energy of a fluid in an idealized, steady flow.
The equation is:

• According to Bernoulli's equation, as the air velocity increases, the

pressure decreases, and vice versa. This is a consequence of the
conservation of energy, where the sum of kinetic energy, potential
energy, and pressure energy remains constant.

• The airflow over the curved upper surface of the airfoil is faster,
resulting in lower pressure compared to the slower-moving air beneath
the airfoil.

• This pressure difference creates an upward force, known as lift.

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 Some Other Applications In Short :
Economics:
Utility Theory: In economics, Bernoulli's equation is used in utility theory to model
decision-making under uncertainty, particularly in analyzing risk and the concept of
diminishing marginal utility.

Chemical Engineering:
Flow of Fluids in Pipes: Bernoulli's equation is applied to model the flow of fluids
through pipes, aiding in the design and analysis of chemical processes and
pipelines.
Electrical Engineering:
Electronic Circuit Analysis: Bernoulli's equation finds applications in electrical engineering, particularly in
the analysis of electrical circuits with capacitors and resistors.

Chemistry:
Flow of Gases and Liquids in Pipes: Relevant in the study of chemical processes where the flow of gases
or liquids needs to be understood and controlled.

 Ecology:
Population Dynamics: Bernoulli's equation can be applied to model population dynamics in ecology,
considering factors like birth rates, death rates, and resource availability.

 Meteorology:
Atmospheric Dynamics: In meteorology, Bernoulli's equation is used to understand and model air
movement in the atmosphere, contributing to weather pattern predictions.