Cell membrane 3

https://goo.gl/images/Ah8rB2
 Topics
• Cell membrane transport 5.2
– Diffusion 5.3 (132-136)
– Protein mediated transport 5.4 (136-146)
• Channels
• Carriers
– Facilitated diffusion
– Active transport
– Vesicular transport 5.5 (146-148)
 Poll Q
• An increase in this type of tissue explains why,
on average, females tend to have a slightly
lower body water content when compared to
males.
a) Skeletal muscle
b) Adipose
c) Bone
d) Connective tissue
 Cell membrane transport
Water can move freely between the ECF and ICF, but this is not the case
for the majority of substances.

Cell membranes are selectively permeable

-what crosses depends on the properties of the cell membrane (lipid
and protein composition) and the substance (size and lipid solubility)
 Diffusion
The movement of molecules from
an area of higher concentration to
an area of lower concentration

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Translational_motion.gif
 Simple diffusion across a membrane
2. 3. 4.
And thickness

5.
1.

Simple diffusion for small

uncharged lipophilic molecules:
O2, CO2, NH3, lipids, steroids
 Protein mediated transport
The majority of molecules in the body are either lipophobic or
electrically charged and cannot cross the membrane by simple diffusion.
-mediated transport (facilitated diffusion or active transport)
 Channel proteins
Made of membrane spanning protein
subunits that create a cluster of
cylinders with a pore through the
center

-named according to substance that

passes through, mainly smaller
substances i.e. ions and water

-open channels “leak channels”

-Gated channels normally closed

-chemically gated (ligand)
-voltage gated
-mechanically gated

-facilitated diffusion
->10 million ions per second
 Selectivity determined by the
Channel proteins size of pore and the charge of
the AA’s lining the pore .
 Carrier proteins
-large complex proteins

-Change conformation to move

molecules
-slow (1000 to 1,000,000 per/sec)

-can move small organic

molecules that cannot pass
through channels
 Poll Q
• If a cell swells in response to being exposed to
a solution, the solution is said to be
a) Hyperosmotic
b) Hyposmotic
c) Hypertonic
d) Hypotonic
 Facilitated Diffusion
Some molecules and ions appear to move into and out of the cell by
diffusion, but based on their chemical properties cannot be simple
diffusion across the lipid bilayer.

Use channels or carrier proteins

-move down their concentration gradient (or electrochemical gradient)

-no energy required (passive)
-stops once equilibrium is reached (or when the channel closes)
 Active transport
-Moves molecules against their concentrations gradients: from an
area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
-support a state of disequilibrium (as seen with certain ions)
-Requires energy
-Uses carrier proteins

Two types of active transport:

Primary active transport: energy to move molecule comes directly

from hydrolyzing ATP (referred to as an ATPase)

Secondary active transport: Uses the potential energy stored in the

concentration gradient of one molecule to push another molecule
against their concentration gradient
Primary active transport
Na+/K+ ATPase
• 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in
 Secondary active transport
-The majority harnesses the kinetic energy of Na+ moving down its
concentration gradient to move a second molecule against its
concentration gradient
-can move in the same direction (symport) or opposite
direction (antiport or exchanger)
 Secondary active transport

Sodium glucose transporter

SGLT
 Poll Q
• Which of the following would increase the
rate of diffusion?
a) Lower temperature
b) Thicker membrane
c) Smaller concentration gradient
d) Larger membrane surface area