Glycolysis &

Kreb cycle
By Group 5
OBJECTIVES OF THIS REPORT:

- Identify the major features of glycolysis and Krebs cycle

- Explain the concept of glycolysis and Krebs cycle

 What is Glycolysis?
The term "Glycolysis" originates from two
words: "Glyco," meaning glucose, and
"Lysis," signifying split apart. Therefore,
when we refer to Glycolysis, we are
describing the process of splitting apart a
glucose molecule.
 Overview of
Glycolysis
Glucose is a 6-carbon molecule, then in
Glycolysis, glucose will be split apart into
two molecules of Pyruvate. Each molecule
of pyruvate represents a 3-carbon molecule.

In this conversion energy is released in the

form of ATP and NADH
Note: The entire process of glycolysis consists of 10
steps, divided into 2 phases.

1st phase 2 nd phase

Investment phase Pay Off phase
Steps 1-5 Steps 6-10
Consumes energy Produces energy
GLYCOLYSIS REACTIONS
Reaction 1: A single Glucose will be
phosphorylated by ATP and will become g6p
(Glucose-6-Phosphate). Hexokinase is an
enzyme that helps transfer the phosphate
group to the acceptor molecule (glucose).
 GLYCOLYSIS REACTIONS
Reaction 2:
G6p will be catalyzed using
PhosphoglucoIsomerase enzyme
and will become Fructose-6-
phosphate. This reaction is
reversible.
Reaction 3:
Fructose-6-phosphate is
phosphorylated by ATP to form
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. This step
is catalyzed by the enzyme
phosphofructokinase.
 GLYCOLYSIS
REACTIONS:
Reaction 4:
The cleavage of fructose-1,6-
bisphosphate. Fructose-1,6-
bisphosphate is cleaved into
two 3-carbon molecules:
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
and glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate. This reaction is
catalyzed with Adolase.
Reaction 5:
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
and glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate are actually
isomers. Hence this is a
rearrangement reaction.
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is
oxidized to form another
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
This reaction is catalyzed by
Triose Phosphate Isomerase.
 GLYCOLYSIS
REACTIONS:

Reaction 6: Reaction 7:
1-3bisphosphoglycelate is
The 2 glyceraldehyde-3- converted to 3-phosphoglycerate
phosphate are oxidized. by the enzyme phosphoglycerate
Glyceraldehyde 3- kinase. This enzyme transfers the
phosphate phosphate group at the first
position of phosphoglycerate to
dehydrogenase catalyzes Adenosine Diphosphate. Also, in
the G3p into this process a molecule of ATP is
1-3bisphosphoglycelate. generated
 GLYCOLYSIS REACTIONS

Reaction 8: Reaction 9: Reaction 10:

3-phosphoglycerate is 2-phosphoglycerate is Phosphoenolepyruvate is
converted to converted to converted into pyruvate by
2-phosphoglycerate. the enzyme pyruvate
Phosphoenolepyruvate,
This step is a simple kinase. The phosphate
the enzyme involved group at the
rearrangement
reaction that happens behind this is enolase, phosphoenolepyruvate is
with the help of the Mg is also utilized in transferred to ADP and
kinase enzyme called this reaction. converted ATP.
phosphoglycerate
mutase.
 Net reaction of Glycolysis

Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi ­+ 2NAD+ --- 2 PYRUVATE + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

 What is Kreb cycle?
Also known as Tricarboxylic Acid cycle. It is
a biochemical pathway used to generate
energy through oxidation of acetyl coa. It is
also used in the synthesis of NADH and the
production of amino acids.
 Overview of Kreb
Cycle
Kreb cycle was named after a british
physician, named Hans Adolf Kreb.

Kreb cycle takes place in the mitochondria

of eukaryotes and the cytosol of the
prokaryotes.
KREB CYCLE
Step 1: Acetyl-CoA (a 2-carbon molecule) combines with
oxaloacetate (a 4-carbon molecule) to form citrate (a 6-
carbon molecule). This process is catalyzed by the enzyme
named Citrate synthase.
 KREB CYCLE

Step 2:
Isomerization of citrate to isocitrate.
This is a conversion of a 6-carbon
molecule (citrate) to another 6-carbon
molecule (isocitrate), but with a
rearrangement of atoms. This process
is catalyzed by the enzyme aconitase
Step 3:
Isocitrate is oxidized, producing
alpha-ketoglutarate, carbon dioxide
(CO₂), and reducing NAD⁺ to
NADH. The enzyme catalyzing this
process is Isocitrate dehydrogenase.
 KREB CYCLE

Step 4:
Alpha-ketoglutarate is further
oxidized, producing succinyl-
CoA, CO₂, and NADH. The
enzyme behind this is Alpha-
ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
complex.
Step 5:
Coenzyme A (CoA) is added to
alpha-ketoglutarate, forming
succinyl-CoA. Alpha-ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase complex is the
enzyme behind this process
 Kreb Cycle:
Reaction 6:
Succinyl-CoA is cleaved to
succinate, releasing CoA and
producing guanosine
triphosphate (GTP) through
substrate-level phosphorylation.
This process was catalyzed by
Succinyl-CoA synthetase.
Reaction 7:
Succinate is oxidized, producing
fumarate and reducing flavin adenine
dinucleotide (FAD) to FADH₂. This
step takes place on the inner
mitochondrial membrane, and the
electrons from FADH₂ are transferred
to the electron transport chain.. It was
catalyzed by Succinate
dehydrogenase.
 Kreb Cycle

Step 8: Step 9:
Fumarate is Malate is oxidized,
hydrated to form producing oxaloacetate
malate. This is and reducing NAD⁺ to
catalyzed by the NADH. The enzyme
enzyme named behind this is Malate
fumarase dehydrogenase.
 Importance
Glycolysis initiates the breakdown of glucose, producing pyruvate
and a modest amount of ATP and NADH. The Krebs Cycle completes
the oxidation of acetyl-CoA, generating NADH, FADH₂, and carbon
dioxide. Together, these pathways feed into the electron transport
chain, driving the majority of ATP production in cellular respiration.
“This is a quote. Words full
of wisdom that someone
important said and can make the
reader get inspired”
— Someone Famous
A picture is
worth a
thousand
words
A way to learn
biochemistry, the
fun way
Images reveal large amounts of data, so
remember: use an image instead of a long text.
Your audience will appreciate it
 150,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s
attention
 386,000 333,000
Despite being red, Mars Saturn is a gas giant with
is a cold place rings

150,000
Venus has a very
beautiful name
 Percentage comparisons

35% 75%

Saturn Venus
Saturn is the planet and the only Venus has a beautiful name but
planet with rings is very hot
 This is a map

Saturn
Saturn is the planet
with a ring around it

Venus
Venus has a beautiful
name but is very hot
 Learning plan

Mars Mercury Saturn Venus

01 02 03 04

Despite being red, Mercury is the Saturn is a gas giant Venus has a
Mars is a very cold closest planet to the and the only planet beautiful name, but
place full of iron Sun with rings it’s hot
 Data visualization

Mercury
Mercury is the closest
planet to Sun

Venus
It has a beautiful name,
but it’s very hot

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new
one here. For more info, click here
 How popular is biochemistry?

20/100
Neptune
Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun

80/100
Mercury
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste
the new one here. For more info, click here
 Molecular structures

Mars 75%
Despite being red, Mars
is a very cold planet

Saturn
● Saturn is a gas giant
and has several rings
Mercury ● Its atmosphere
Mercury is the closest composed mostly of
planet to the Sun hydrogen and helium
 Here’s a table

Molecule 1 Molecule 2 Molecule 3

Mercury 235 128 327

Mars 0.11 0.53 0.38

Saturn 12 32 11
 More percentages

60% 30% 80%

Mercury Venus Mars

Mercury is the closest planet Venus has a beautiful name Despite being red, Mars is a
to the Sun but it’s very hot very cold place
 Mercury
1,500 Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the
smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a
bit larger than the Moon

Venus
2,700 Venus has a beautiful name and is the second
planet from the Sun. It’s hot and has a
poisonous atmosphere

Saturn
3,000 Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings. It's
composed mostly of hydrogen and helium. It
was named after a Roman god
 Exercise
Mercury is the closest planet to the
Sun and the smallest one in the Solar
System—it’s only a little bit larger
than our satellite, Moon
 Question 1
Which molecules can break
Disaccharidases enzymes?

A Fructose C Starch

B Sucrose D Your own answer

 Question 2

A 1000-2000

How many
glucose units B 2000-3000
are in starch?

C 3000 or more
 Question 3

Aerobic respiration is one of the example

of oxygen dependent metabolism that
breaks down organic compounds and
produces ATP

True False
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