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Contents
 Introduction
 History
 Ideal requirements
 Nature of polymers
 Chemistry of polymerisation
 Resins used in dentistry
 Physical properties of polymers
 Recent advances
 Conclusion
 References
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 Introduction

 Synthetic resins or polymers refers to a molecule that is made up of many parts

 These subunits represents the simplest repeating chemical structural unit from

which the polymer is composed

 These subunits are capable of conforming to infinite number of configurations

with entirely different chemical and physical properties

 This makes them a unique proposition for various applications in dentistry

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 History

Wooden dentures

Bone dentures

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 Ivory dentures
  Porcelain denture base & teeth

 Metal denture base

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  Vulcanite dentures

 Acrylic dentures

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 Ideal requirements

 Biological compatibility

 Physical properties

 Manipulation

 Aesthetic properties

 Economic considerations

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 Classification of resins
 Based on the thermal behaviour

1. Thermoplastic 2. Thermosetting
Eg: Eg:
Polyethylene Cross linked poly methyl methacrylate
Polystyrene Silicon
Cellulose nitrate Bakelite

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  Based on origin

Natural resin
Eg : Amber
Canada balsam
Copal
Synthetic resin
i) Thermoplastic
ii) Thermoset
iii) Synthetic elastomers
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  Based on spatial arrangement

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  Based on type of polymerisation

Step growth polymerisation Addition

polymerisation
• Polysulphide
• Condensation silicone • Addition silicone
• PMMA

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 Composition

15% 15%

15%

plasticizer filler
31%
8%
inhibitor die and pigments
15%

initiator cross linking agent

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 Polymerization

Polymerization : The forming of a compound by the joining together of molecules

of small molecular weight into a compound of large molecular weight; the
reaction uses chemical, heat, or light activation [GPT 9]

 Auto polymerization

 Chemically-activated Polymerization

 Heat-activated Polymerization

 Light-activated Polymerization

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 Chemistry Of Polymerization

 Addition polymerization

Starts from an active centre adding one monomer at a time to

rapidly form a chain.

 Condensation polymerization

Polymerization is accompanied by the repeated elimination of small

molecules

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 Addition Polymerization

3 TYPES

 Free radical polymerization

 Ring opening polymerization

 Ionic polymerization

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 Free radical polymerization

Initiator releases free-radicals which bring about polymerization reaction

Eg: Benzoyl peroxide releases free-radicals to bring polymerization in acrylic resins
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 Ring opening polymerization

Ring structure in the polymer chain is opened & cross linking occurs
Eg :Epoxy resin , Poly ether impression material
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 Ionic Polymerization
Catalyst bring about exchange of ions resulting in crosslinked polymer
Eg : Addition silicones

Acrylonitrile (CH2=CH−CN)(CH2=CH−CN) contains an electron with drawing (-CN) group

which can stabilize the carbanion intermediate
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 There are four stages in addition polymerization

Induction

Propagation

Chain transfer

Termination

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 Induction

initiator breaks These free

molecules down radicals Initiate
become into free reacts with chain
energized radicals monomer growth
molecules

 This period is greatly influenced by the purity of the monomer. Any impurities
present can increase the length of this period by consuming the activated initiator.

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 Activation
Free radicals can be generated by activation of radical
producing molecule using
• Heat
• Chemical
• Visible light
• Ultraviolet light
• Energy transfer from another compound
• Microwave

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 Initiation
Heat:
Commonly employed initiator is Benzoyl peroxide
Gets rapidly activated between 50-100º C

Chemicals:
Two reactants when mixed together undergo chemical
reaction to produce free radicals
Tertiary amine(activator) + Benzoyl peroxide (initiator)

Light :
Camphoroquinone and an organic amine (Dimethyl
aminoethyl methacrylate)
Generate free radicals when irradiated by light of 470 nm
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 Propagation

• Formation of dimer

• Less energy is required so large polymer

molecules formed within seconds.

• Theoretically, the chain reactions should

continue until all of the monomer has been
converted to a polymer between the initial set

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and the final set. 24
 Chain Transfer
In this process the active free radical of a growing chain is
transferred to another molecule

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 Termination

 Either by direct coupling of two free radical chain or by the

exchange of a hydrogen atom from one growing chain to another

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 Step-growth/ Condensation Polymerisation

The primary compounds reacts, often with the formation of

a by-product such as water, alcohols, halogen acids,

ammonia.

The formation of these by products is the reason step-

growth polymerization is often called as condensation

polymerization.

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  The formation of polymers is slow because the reaction

proceeds in a stepwise fashion from monomer to dimer to

trimer until large polymer molecules containing many
monomer molecules .

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 Copolymerization

• Two or more chemically different monomer each with

some desirable property can be combined to yield specific
physical properties of a polymer.

• The polymer formed is a copolymer, the process of

formation is known as copolymerization

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 3 types

 Random co polymerization
 Alternating
 Graft type
 Block type

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 Resins used in dentistry

1.Vinyl resin
2.Acrylic resin
3.Epoxy resin
4.Poly carbonates
5.Polyethylene
6.Poly vinyl acetate

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 Vinyl resins

Derivatives of ethylene
2 derivatives are ; vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate

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 Polyvinylchloride [PVC]

• Clear thermoplastic
• Darkens when exposed to UV light
• Discolours when heated near softening temperature
• Copolymerized with vinyl acetate(vinyl chloride (80%) and vinyl acetate
(20%) )
• Very high molecular weight and molding temperature.
• PVC is still used currently as a denture lining material

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 Polystyrene

• Benzene radical is attached to vinyl group

• Thermoplastic clear resin
• Stable to light ,soluble in some organic solvents
• Used in limited extend
• Form copolymer with divinyl benzene

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 Acrylic resin

Derivatives of ethylene with vinyl group

2 series –
1.Derived from acrylic acid
2.From methacrylic acid
• Polyacids imbibe water so not used in mouth
• Esters of polyacids are used
• Eg; polymethylmethacrylate

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 Epoxy resin

• Thermosetting resin
• Poses adhesion to various metals wood and glass
• Has reactive epoxy group
• Typical epoxy resin is viscous liquid at room
temperature
• Problem with colour stability water sorption and
patient sensitivity

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 Physical properties of polymers

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 Solvation Properties

 Polymers tend to absorb a solvent, swell and soften rather

than dissolve.

 Any dissolution occurs from the swollen state.

 Elastomers swell to a greater extent

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  Polymethyl methacrylate -water sorption value of 0.69

mg/cm2

 Each 1% increase in weight produced by water absorption,

acrylic resin exhibits a linear expansion of 0.23%.

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 Thermal Properties

Poor thermal and electrical conductors

Plastic denture bases serve as an insulator

Thermoplastic and thermosetting resins

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 Mechanical properties

• Deformation and recovery

• viscoelasticity

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 Rheometric properties

• Flow behaviour

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 Polymerization Shrinkage

 During polymerization the density of the mass changes

from 0.94 to 1.19 g/cm3.

 Volumetric shrinkage of 7%, an acrylic resin denture

base should exhibit a linear shrinkage of approximately

2%. In reality, linear shrinkage rarely exceeds 1%

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 Recent advances

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 High Impact Resistant Acrylic

• Produced by substituting the PMMA in the powder with a

copolymer of butadiene with styrene or methyl methacrylate

• Improved impact strength and fatigue strength

• Indicated in patients who have difficulty in handling their

dentures

Eg: very old patients, parkinsonism

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 Fiber Reinforced Polymer
 To improve the physical and mechanical properties of acrylic resin, it was
reinforced with fibers

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 Antimicrobial dentures

 PMMA polymers are covalently linked or co- polymerized with

drugs to generate anti microbial dentures

 It was reported that nystatin, miconazole, ketoconazole,

itraconazole and chlorhexidine diacetate inhibited fungal growth

during 14 days

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 Microwave activated PMMA

 Greatly reduced curing time (3 min)

 Less fracture of artificial teeth and resin bases

 Superior denture base adaptability

 Lower residual monomer ratio

 More stable

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 Valplast denture

Valplast and Flexite were the two nylon denture base materials used
 Unbreakable

 Esthetically acceptable being colored like the gums

 Easier for the dentist to work with these materials while adjusting the

prosthesis in patient's mouth, using slow-speed grinding tools.

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  The post insertion maintenance is easy, which makes it a

very “user- friendly” denture base material.

 Resin is biocompatible nylon thermoplastic with unique

physical and aesthetic properties that provides.

 Replaces the metal and the methyl methacrylate denture

base material used conventionally

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 Bio functional Prosthetic System Denture

BPS is the system designed to work with the body

in a biologically harmonious way, maximizing

function and giving comfort and natural

appearance to the patient.

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 Initial impression:
Ivoclar Vivadent recommends
using the Accu-Dent System I
(Candulor).
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 Preliminary jaw registration with the
Centric Tray

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 Functional impression with the
Gnathometer
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 Facebow transfer Jaw registration and
intraoral registration

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 Selecting the tooth shades and shapes

• Ivoclar teeth such as “SR Vivodent PE” are natural like

teeth

• They are made of multiple layers of double cross linked

acrylic resins

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 Mount models on the Stratos
articulator by
means of the Centric Tray

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 Radiopaque Dentures

 The radio lucent nature of PMMA is one of its disadvantage as

a denture base material
 Denture wearers can endure serious complications if their
denture fractures and a portion is inhaled or ingested
 Materials added to denture base resins to improve radiopacity
1. Silanated barium fluoride impregnated powder glass
2. Barium sulphate

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 3D Printing With Polymers

• Polymers in liquid form

• Active polymerization of photosensitive (UV or visible light activated)

resins

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 Conclusion

• Synthetic resins have revolutionized the field of dentistry

right from their conception and Material aspects continue
to evolve till date
• They find applications in almost all specialities of dentistry
and are considered as the backbone of Prosthodontics
• Each type of resin comes with specific indications
advantages and disadvantages and technical considerations
and should be used accordingly for successful results

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 References

• Mc Cabe and Willis applied dental materials -9th

Edition
• Phillip’s science of dental materials–twelfth edition
• Craig’s restorative dental materials –Thirteenth
Edition
• Skinner’s Science Of Dental Materials

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 A N K
T H
Y O U

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