COMMON PESTS IN THE PHILIPPINES

& ITS INTERVENTIONS

PREPARED BY:

PDO 1 SHELDON B. PONDARA

 Ways to Protect Your Plants from Pests and Chemicals

1. Keep your landscape clean and free from debris.

Yard debris can also house fungal spores. Remove yard waste along with pests and
disease with no chemicals or treatment needed. Proper maintenance of the space where your
plants grow is one of the most effective steps.

2. Water at the base of plants to reduce fungal issues.

Overhead watering can increase the likelihood of fungal infection in many plants.* If you
must use overhead watering, do it in the morning rather than at night to ensure the water
is able to evaporate off the leaves.

3. Keep your plants healthy

Plants have many natural defensive adaptations, several of which are more effective
than anything we can do for them. Keeping your plants healthy gives those natural defensive
adaptations a boost in performance. If your plants aren’t fighting against too much sun or too
little water or bad soil, they are more likely to be able to fight off diseases or fungal attacks.
Work with your plants! Ensure that they’re getting the sun, water, and nutrition they like
best.
4. Grow plants that deter and even repel pests.

Plants like chrysanthemum, rosemary, garlic, chives, and petunias repel unwanted
insects that harm your plants. If you’re having trouble with deer eating your flowers, plant
irises. Deer won’t go near them. While intuitively we assume that flowers attract insects, some
plants release scents that repel insects.

5. Most natural insecticides only work when insects are present, but pepper spray can be
effective in repelling some harmful insects

Hot pepper spray can be an effective preventative measure in repelling insects. The
chemistry behind the taste of pepper that we humans tend to like is unpleasant to many
insects. However, in controlled quantities, hot pepper spray is harmless to many plants. Pepper
spray can be an effective preemptive measure against an insect infestation.

6. Mulch is a great way to reduce watering needs and protect your plant’s roots.

Mulch helps your plants receive the moisture they need without making the ground
soggy. Apply mulch properly by keeping it away from the trunk or branches of your shrubs and
trees. Do not put mulch all the way up to your home or foundation. Providing mulch helps
improve the general health of your plants. It also helps prevent fungal diseases that thrive in
too-moist environments.
7. Choose pest and/or disease resistant plants especially when you know of an existing
problem in your area

Seek out plants that are resistant to that particular issue. This is especially important
with detrimental fungal diseases. Research the plants you would like to plant. Some strains or
plant varieties will have stronger resistance to fungal attacks or plant diseases. Take your area
into consideration when choosing what to plant.

8. Use products like Neem oil or fungicides to prevent any recurrent diseases

Fungal infections can be difficult to eliminate. Prevention is the best course of action for
this type of disease. Use pesticides to treat insects and miticides to treat mites. When figuring out
how to protect plants from insects naturally, consider natural insecticides such as
pyrethrins, Neem oil, soapy water, etc.
SQUASH BUGS SNAIL MEALY BUGS CABBAGE LOOPER

COMMON GARDEN PESTS IN THE PHILIPPINES

SLUGS PSYLLIDS THRIPS FLEA BEETLES

Many APHIDS species are monophagous (that is, they feed on only one
plant species). Others, like the green peach aphid, feed on hundreds of
plant species across many families. About 10% of species feed on
different plants at different times of the year.

CATERPILLARS of most species eat plant material (often leaves), but

not all; some (about 1%) eat insects, and some are even cannibalistic.
Some feed on other animal products..

SPIDER MITES generally live on the undersides of leaves of plants,

where they may spin protective silk webs, and can cause damage by
puncturing the plant cells to feed. Spider mites are known to feed on
several hundred species of plants.
 MITES cause damage by sucking cell contents from leaves. A small number
of mites usually isn't reason for concern, but very high populations—levels
high enough to show visible damage to leaves—can damage plants,
especially herbaceous ones.

WHITEFLIES Large populations can cause leaves to turn yellow, appear

dry, or fall off plants. Like aphids, whiteflies excrete a sugary liquid called
honeydew, so leaves may be sticky or covered with black sooty mold that
grows on honeydew

Captive CRICKETS are omnivorous; when deprived of their natural diet, they
accept a wide range of organic foodstuffs. Some species are
completely herbivorous, feeding on flowers, fruit, and leaves, with ground-
based species consuming seedlings, grasses, pieces of leaf, and the shoots of
young plants.
EARWIGS are active at night and wander in search of food and moisture.
Earwigs feed on a wide variety of materials including decaying organic
matter, other insects, and plants such as vegetables, flowers and
ornamental plants.

GRASSHOPPERS are herbivores, they eat plants. They mostly eat leaves,
but also flowers, stems and seeds. Sometimes they also scavenge dead
insects for extra protein.

SQUASH BUGS suck the sap out of leaves with their piercing-sucking
mouthparts. Their feeding causes yellow spots that eventually turn
brown. The feeding also affects the flow of water and nutrients, and, when
severe, can cause wilting.
Because they prefer succulent foliage or flowers, SNAILS and
slugs are primarily pests of seedlings and herbaceous plants. They
are also serious pests of turfgrass seedlings and ripening fruits that
are close to the ground, such as strawberries and tomatoes.

MEALYBUGS damage plants by sucking sap and their feeding can

result in yellowing leaves, stunting, dieback or death of the plants.
They secrete honeydew that supports the growth of black sooty
mold on plant parts

CABBAGE LOOPER They mainly attack cabbage crops including

broccoli, cauliflower, and kale. Young larvae eat only from the
bottom of leaves. Older larvae chew large, irregular holes in the
leaves of many plants.
SLUGS can make a meal of a wide range of vegetables and
ornamental plants, especially seedlings and other soft
growth. Hostas, delphiniums, dahlias, gerberas, sweet peas and
tulips are regularly attacked by slugs, and it can be difficult to
grow these plants if you have a big slug problem.

Sometimes called jumping plant lice, PSYLLIDS feed on a variety

of plants including most fruit trees and small fruits as well as
tomato and potato. Both adults and nymphs feed by piercing the
leaf surface and extracting cell sap. This causes foliage (especially
the upper leaves) to turn yellow, curl and eventually die.

THRIPS is primarily a pest of herbaceous plants; but high

populations can damage flowers on woody plants, such as roses.
Rose petals may develop dark streaks and spots from feeding
injury that occurred before the buds opened, or the flower buds
may deform and fail to open.
FLEA BEETLES are occasional pests of crop seedlings. The adults feed
on the underside of leaves, creating small pits or irregularly shaped
holes. High numbers of adults can kill or stunt seedlings, which can be
economically damaging.

The JAPANESE BEETLE is a highly destructive plant pest that can be

very difficult and expensive to control. Feeding on grass roots, Japanese
beetle grubs damage lawns, golf courses, and pastures. Japanese beetle
adults attack the foliage, flowers, or fruits of more than 300 different
ornamental and agricultural plants.

The BROWN MARMORATED STINK BUG can be a serious agricultural

pest and has been observed feeding successfully on numerous fruit,
vegetable, and field crops including apples, apricots, Asian pears,
cherries, corn (field and sweet), grapes, lima beans, nectarines and
peaches, peppers, tomatoes and soybeans
BENEFICIAL INSECTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
LADYBUGS are beneficial insects that play a major role in keeping
down populations of insects that feed on plants. Perhaps most
importantly, ladybugs are predators with an insatiable appetite for
aphids. A ladybug can eat up to 5,000 aphids over its lifetime.

The DRAGONFLY. Adult dragonflies are beneficial bugs because

the eat pesty flying insects, particularly midges and mosquitoes. They
also will eat butterflies, moths and smaller dragonflies. There is one
Asian dragonfly that eats spiders from their webs!

A PRAYING MANTIS has a very big appetite, so it's fortunate that it is

also an accomplished hunter. These magnificent insects help farmers
and gardeners by eating moths, mosquitoes, roaches, flies and aphids,
as well as small rodents in their fields and gardens.
BUMBLEBEES are a crucial insect group for pollination of vegetables,
fruit, oilseeds, legumes and fodder crops. Maintaining healthy
bumblebee populations means that bees and other pollinators can
quickly respond to the presence of mass flowering crops.

GREEN LACEWINGS are an often under-appreciated group of

beneficial insects. As with lady beetles, these natural enemies are
important predators of many types of soft bodied insects and insect
eggs.

BRACONID WASPS hosts include larvae of beetles, caterpillars, flies

and sawflies. Cotesia congregata attacks tomato hornworm larvae, C.
glomerata attacks imported cabbageworm larvae, and C.
melanoscelus attacks gypsy moth larvae.
These Plants Will Keep Bugs Out of Your Garden

The calming fragrance of a LAVENDER plant is thought to provide

relief from stress, depression, and migraines. It is also considered anti-
inflammatory and has antiseptic properties. Like other plants in the
mint family, lavender will repel bugs such as mosquitos, fleas, moths,
and ticks.

BASIL is an excellent companion plant for tomatoes, and they can

actually influence the taste of some tomatoes when planted next to
each other. Other good companion plants include peppers, eggplants,
and oregano. Basil also aids in repelling thrips, flies, and mosquitoes.
Basil is commonly used fresh in recipes.

Interplant GARLIC with carrots, brassicas, peppers, tomatoes, and

eggplant, it will help in deterring the pests like aphids, spider mites,
carrot root fly and Japanese beetles away. You can also grow
members of allium family with other plants.
The scent of FENNEL can be described as distinctly bitter. Slugs, snails,
and grazers are likely to stay away from both its exposed and buried
components.

Whether grown in the ground or in containers, LEMONGRASS is also a

good companion for other plants due to its insect repellent properties.
The citronella in lemongrass repels mosquitoes, stable flies and a range
of other insect pests like whiteflies and aphids.

They don't just draw in those pollinators, they also draw in insects to
help you in organic pest control. MARIGOLDS can help to bring
in ladybugs, lacewings, hoverflies, parasitic mini-wasps and other
predatory insects that will eat aphids and other pests which can damage
your crops.
Cost effective and fast-growing, MINT repels a multitude of bugs
including mosquitoes. In the garden, mint attracts beneficial insects
such as butterflies, bees, and hoverflies. The MINT plant is rich in
nectar and pollen and helps to pollinate other plants and crops.

Pyrethrins are pesticides found naturally in some chrysanthemum

flowers. They are a mixture of six chemicals that are toxic to insects.
Pyrethrins are commonly used to control mosquitoes, fleas, flies, moths,
ants, and many other pests. Pyrethrins are generally separated from the
flowers.

Above ground, it is an excellent repellent against aphids and also wards

off mosquitoes, cabbage worms, and slugs. Underground, it is a fantastic
deterrent against pests such as grubs and nematodes. Plant ALLIUMS a
foot apart from your rose bushes, giving each its opportunity to flourish
PETUNIAS can help to repel tomato hornworms, aphids,
leafhoppers, squash bugs, and asparagus beetles. They require very
little maintenance, so add them to into garden beds, hanging
baskets, and containers.

VENUS FLYTRAPS work best in controlling insects like flies, ants,

and gnats, and can eat about five to 10 per month. If you often have
annoying fruit flies buzzing around your home, a Venus flytrap on a
windowsill might help eliminate them.
Compounds in CATNIP are at least as effective as DEET (and potentially up
to 10x more effective) at repelling mosquitoes. Fresh, home-grown catnip can
be vigorously rubbed between your hands then applied to your skin to provide
~30 minutes of mosquito-free time.

DEET (chemical name, N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) is the active ingredient in

many repellent products. It is widely used to repel biting pests such as
mosquitoes and ticks.

EUCALYPTUS. The natural oils from the leaves of a eucalyptus tree will not
only keep mosquitoes away but will also ward off sand flies, ticks and more
pests.

A perennial plant that looks gorgeous in the garden, horsemint (aka BEE
BALM) offers two useful characteristics: It attracts pollinators (like bees)
but repels mosquitoes. It gives off a strong, incense-like odor that confuses
the pests by masking the smells given off by humans.
LEMON BALM contains a compound called citronellal, which has an effect
similar to the mosquito repellent citronella. The lemony scent of lemon balm
is also one that mosquitoes don't love, which makes it a perfect addition to
your mosquito-repellent plant collection.

It was able to repel insects with around 60% efficacy rates. Clearly, SAGE
does have some type of proven insect repellent ability, even if it wasn't
studied on mosquitoes. Sage isn't the only aromatic herb that repels
mosquitoes

LEMON THYME is an herb you can rely on when insects are bothering your
home. The herb deters mosquitoes, earworm, maggot, hornworm, and
whiteflies.
OREGANO OIL is considered as an excellent antiseptic and insect repellent.
It has some active ingredients such as carvacrol, thymol and α-terpinene
reported being highly effective in repelling mosquitoes

CHIVES deter aphids, mites, and Japanese beetles, as well as rabbits — a

more significant garden pest. Sort of “the original” for bug repelling, with an
overpowering lemony scent. It's used in many commercial bug repellents and
candles.

All parts of the plant are strongly scented when crushed but it does not have
noticeable glands on its surface. PENNYROYAL is frequently used as an
insecticide and pest repellent. As a pest repellent, it is used to keep fleas
away from household animals as well as on humans to ward off gnats and
mosquitos.
 8 Natural & Homemade Insecticides: Save Your Garden
Without Killing the Earth
Organic pesticides usually come from natural sources and are minimally processed.
These natural sources are usually plants — such as neem, pyrethrum (pyrethins), rotenone or
ryania (botanical insecticides) — or minerals, such as boric acid, cryolite, or diatomaceous earth.
There are also microbial pesticides.

They are widely used in agriculture, gardening, landscaping, and pest control. Organic
pesticides are natural substances that kill pests naturally. They do not harm humans or
animals. Organic pesticide is environmentally friendly as well.

The main weapon for fighting pests is synthetic pesticides. They are designed to kill a target
insect. The majority of garden pesticides you can buy today are synthesized chemicals. This
means they are effective but are also HIGHLY TOXIC.

They can lead to environmental hazards and are toxic for living things. Synthetic pesticides
can have severe health effects on people, such as cardiovascular issues and respiratory
disorders.

Synthetic Pesticides can contaminate soil, water, turf, and other vegetation. In addition to
killing insects or weeds, pesticides can be toxic to a host of other organisms including birds,
fish, beneficial insects, and non-target plants.
 BENEFITS OF USING ORGANIC PESTICIDES

•Environmentally friendly — These pesticides are better for the environment. If you use organic
pesticides, you’ll be reducing your carbon footprint. It’s a great way to go green.

•Healthier — This is very important if you’re using pesticides in a food garden. It’s a healthier
choice for you, your pets, and the whole family, as the food will be safer to consume.

•Better soil quality — There’s less chance of contamination, better overall plant growth, and
you’ll get better soil for existing and future plants.

•Great for Long-term use — Pests are less likely to develop a tolerance to natural pesticides
than synthetic ones, which means you can use natural pesticides over a long period of time.
 11 NATURAL PESTICIDES & ITS APPLICATIONS

DISH SOAP is one of the most common household ingredients, so it won’t cost you an arm and a leg
to make.

HOW TO APPLY

In a large container, mix one and a half teaspoons of mild liquid dish soap with one quart of
water. Pour the mix into a spray bottle or a garden sprayer and spray the infected surface of the
plant.

Spray the undersides, tops of leaves, stems, buds and blooms thoroughly. Repeat every 7 to 14 days
until you’re rid of the pests.

Cover the top and bottom of the leaf with the spray, and use it in the early morning or evening. Don’t
spray in the middle of the day when plants are exposed to heat and direct sunlight.

The DISH SOAP is good against aphids, mites, beetles, and whiteflies.
VEGETABLE OIL SPRAY - The combination of oil and soap coats the insect’s body and suffocates it
by blocking the pores through which the insect breathes.

HOW TO APPLY

Mix one cup of vegetable oil and one tablespoon of mild soap. When mixed well, add two
teaspoons of the mix to one quart of water. Pour into a spray bottle or a garden sprayer, and shake
thoroughly.

Then spray the top and bottom of each leaf, and if necessary, the stems.

Same as with the soap dish, don’t apply during the heat of the day, but in the early morning or
evening.

VEGETABLE OIL is good against aphids, beetles, whiteflies, thrips, and mites.
EUCALYPTUS OIL - traditionally used in commercial medicines. It has a warm and earthy smell, and
it can relieve stress. However, it can relieve pests as well as stress.

You can apply eucalyptus oil to plants in three different ways:

Repel — Many insects, such as ants, avoid strong smells such as eucalyptus. Use ¼ teaspoon of
eucalyptus oil in one cup of water. Put the mixture in a spray bottle and shake well to mix. Apply to
infected plants every three days.

Eliminate — If you want to kill off the insects, combine one teaspoon of eucalyptus oil with half a
teaspoon of liquid dish detergent and 2 cups of water. Pour in a spray bottle, and shake well.
Apply to plants every three days until the insects are gone.

Mulch — You can use shredded or chipped eucalyptus wood. Eucalyptus wood contains eucalyptus
oil. As the mulch breaks down, it’ll release the oil. This can take weeks, so you’ll be insect-free for a
long time. If you can’t find eucalyptus mulch, use pine mulch and spray eucalyptus oil.

EUCALYPTUS OIL repels mosquitoes, ants, gnats and kills aphids, whiteflies, mites,
and earwigs.
 NEEM OIL SPRAY - has a bitter taste and a strong odor that helps keep the pests away from your
garden. It’s also biodegradable and non-toxic for people, animals, and plants.

HOW TO APPLY

You can also make your own. For 1 liter of neem oil, use 1 quart of warm water, 1 teaspoon of
neem oil, and two teaspoons of mild liquid soap.

Mix water and soap, and shake them well, so the soap dissolves. Then add the neem oil and shake
again.

You’ll get a neem oil pesticide with a concentration of 0.5%. If you need a stronger concentration,
you can add more neem oil. Be careful how much neem oil you use, as too much can burn the
plant.

NEEM OIL is effective against 600 insects. Some of them are caterpillars, aphids, beetles,
mealybugs, scale, and thrips
PEPPER SPRAY - Pepper spray has capsaicin, the compound that gives peppers the
hot taste.

HOW TO APPLY

You should wear gloves and a mask when making and applying pepper spray because it can cause
discomfort in the eyes.

Mix two tablespoons of red cayenne pepper or paprika with a gallon of water. Then add six
drops of mild dish soap. This helps the solution bind.

Pour the mixture into a spray bottle, and apply at dusk. Spray until there’s a nice coat over the
foliage and underside of the leaves. Repeat every 3 to 5 days and after a rainfall.

PEPPER SPRAY is good against spider mites, aphids, and deer.

GARLIC SPRAY - exactly this aroma that puts garlic on the list of organic pesticides for vegetables.

HOT TO APPLY

You can plant garlic around your vegetable beds, or in them, together with other vegetables to make
sure the insects stay away.

Or, you can make a garlic spray.

Take two garlic cloves and put them in a blender or a food processor with a little water. Let it sit
overnight, then strain. Add a teaspoon of liquid soap and a half cup of vegetable oil. Put
in enough water to fill a cup.

Use the mixture with one quart of water and pour it into a spray bottle.

Spray tops and bottoms of leaves once a week.

GARLIC spray is good against ants, slugs, aphids, beetles, and whiteflies.
TOMATO LEAF SPRAY - belong to the nightshade family, which means they have toxic compounds
known as alkaloids in the leaves.

When the leaves are chopped, the alkaloids are released. You can use the leaves to make a spray
that’s toxic to aphids but safe for people and other plants.

HOW TO APPLY

To make the tomato leaf spray, chop two cups of tomato leaves and soak them in a quart of
water overnight.

Then strain the leaves with a cheesecloth or a strainer. Pour the water into the spray bottle and
apply to stems and foliage.

TOMATO LEAF SPRAY works best against aphids.

 SALT SPRAY - deters pests, but it’s also beneficial to the plant. It increases nutrition absorption,
such as sulfur and magnesium.

HOW TO APPLY

You can sprinkle some salt around the base of the plant every week. This will deter the pests and help
add magnesium to the soil, which will increase the plant nutrient absorption.

You can also make a spray. Mix half a cup of salt in one gallon of warm water. Pour into a spray
bottle, stir well until the salt dissolves, and spray on pest-infected plants.

The salt will prevent the insects from sitting on your plant and feeding off of it by drying them out.

SALT SPRAY is good against slugs, beetles, and cabbage worms.

VINEGAR - Apple cider vinegar is essentially fermented apple juice. It’s been used as a home remedy
for a long time, but it’s also an effective organic bug repeler.

Moreover, it won’t only repel the bugs, but it can give new life to your flowers, veggies, and fruits by
getting rid of harmful insects altogether due to its acidity.

HOW TO APPLY

You can use either white or apple cider vinegar, but white is usually more affordable.

To make a spray, combine three parts water and one part vinegar in a spray bottle. Add a
teaspoon of soap dish to help bind the solution. Shake until well combined and all the ingredients
are mixed.
Spray directly onto the bug, or apply to the base of the plant. You can also apply to leaves if they
are heavily infected.

VINEGAR is good against slugs, snails, moths, ants, and fruit flies
 RUBBING ALCOHOL - Not only will rubbing alcohol kill the insects, but it also draws out the mobile
insects from their hiding places, so it’s easier to control and get rid of them.

70% rubbing alcohol is another excellent natural pesticide.

HOW TO APPLY

Mix 1 cup of rubbing alcohol and 1 teaspoon of dish detergent in 1 quart of water. Pour into a
spray bottle, and shake to make sure it’s well mixed.

The alcohol melts the protective wax covering parts of insects and dries out their bodies.

Spray the mix on stems, leaves on both sides. Pay special attention to leaf axils, as pests tend to
hide here.

RUBBING ALCOHOL is good against aphids, thrips, whiteflies, and mealybugs. It’s mostly
effective against adults, but it can sometimes work on eggs and pupae too.
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH - comes from a sedimentary rock, and it’s made up of bodies of prehistoric
diatomic fossils.

When these fossils are ground-up, they are very sharp, and it feels like razor blades on the insect
respiratory systems. It effectively dehydrates the insects to death.

HOW TO APPLY

Put on a mask and gloves, and dust the ground around your plants with it, or put it around the
garden bed you want to protect. You can also sprinkle some on the foliage to control the crawling
insects.

Because diatomaceous earth has a dried-out nature, you’ll have to reapply it after every rain.

DIATOMACEOUS EARTH is good against snails, ants, and slugs.

 Tips and Tricks to Follow for Best Use of Natural Pesticides

1. Before you use a homemade mix, always test it out on a small portion of the plant to make
sure it won’t harm it. Wait for a couple of days. If there’s no change, proceed with the application.

2. Don’t use soaps or detergents that have bleach in them, as this will harm the plant.

3. Don’t spray natural pesticide mix on a hot or sunny day, as this will burn the plant and
potentially cause it to die.

4. Never overdo the application. In most cases, it’s best to stick to the top and underneath the
leaves.

5. Most homemade natural pesticide recipes should be used once a week. If you use too much,
you may end up killing the beneficial bugs, such as bees and ladybugs. A good rule to follow: if
there aren’t any results in 7 days, start applying the mix every 5 days.
6. If the forecast says it’ll rain, delay using the pesticide as the rain will wash it off.

7. If it recently rained, wait until the plant is dry to apply the pesticide, to not dilute the mix.

8. Make sure your pets stay away from the area when you apply the pesticide and until it
dries.

9. Get rid of diseased leaves before spraying

SOAP DISH VEGETABLE OIL EUCALYPTUS OIL

NEEM OIL
PEPPER GARLIC SPRAY
TOMATO LEAF SPRAY VINEGAR
SALT

70% RUBING ALCOHOL

DIATOMACEOUS EARTH
 SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Synthetic pesticides are man-made chemicals designed specifically to kill or repel pests.
They are used mainly in agriculture, though their use is not limited to the field but also in other
industries and also for domestic use.

Examples of specific synthetic chemical pesticides are glyphosate, Acephate, Deet, Propoxur,
Metaldehyde, Boric Acid, Diazinon, Dursban, DDT, Malathion, etc.

Pesticides are the substance used to kill pests. It can control or vanish pests. But somehow
it can effect affect animals and humans also. A pesticide is a chemical or biological agent used to kill
unwanted plants, animals, and insects. It affects the ecosystem too.

In addition to killing insects or weeds, pesticides can be toxic to a host of other organisms
including birds, fish, beneficial insects, and non-target plants. Insecticides are generally the most
acutely toxic class of pesticides, but herbicides can also pose risks to non-target organisms.

Pesticide exposure among agricultural workers has been linked to certain cancers, DNA damage,
oxidative stress, neurological disorders, as well as respiratory, metabolic, and thyroid effects.
Advantages of Pesticides Disadvantages of Pesticides

It helps to grow more food by preventing It increases the danger of impact on

pests human health

It helps in making food cheap and easily It effect on other life species such as
available bees, butterflies

Pesticides control waterborne diseases It increases land and groundwater

and virus transmission pollution

It helps to protect the storage and

Long term effect on soil fertility
conserve the yield

Contributes to the economical growth of Due to impact on bees and butterflies it

the country by the better harvest affects natural pollination
 ADVANTAGES OF SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Here are some advantages of the use of pesticides in agricultural production and at homes or
offices,

•Pesticides help in an abundant harvest: By using pesticides it ensures that crop is protected
by pests and are healthy for harvest. Pesticides ensure crops are not damaged and not infected
by any pests.

•It helps keep food affordable: Pesticides help farmers to grow more food which directly in
making food cheap and easily available. whereas the traditional way of removing weeds tends to
make food costly.

•Pesticides help to prevent insects and waterborne transmission diseases: Pesticides help in
preventing diseases such as malaria, Lyme, etc. It helped in enhancing human health and
preventing many diseases.

•Pesticides help farmers to grow more crops in the same or less land: when there are low
chances of pests in crop fields then it becomes more chances of more production of crops in the
same land. The growth between 40 to 50 per cent of productivity allows farmers to gain more
benefits.
•Pesticides helped in making it easy to remove weeds or prevent pests without
hardship: Picking weeds by hand was a lengthy process that decreased productivity and also
some pests which were harmful to plants’ growth were now easily removed by the pesticides.

•It helped globally to increase the economical growth of a country: The economical growth
of a country is very much dependent on the growth of food production and the pesticides help
farmers with a healthy yield that helps in improving economic growth.

•It helps to protect the storage: After the harvest, it sometimes becomes difficult to protect the
crop from rodents and pests. Pesticides help in preventing pests and storage can be done easily
and longer.

•Pesticides help in preventing insects, rodents, and viruses at home, offices, etc: At
homes, offices there are so many insects, rodents, viruses that can be harmful to humans by
spreading various diseases thus pesticides help them to kill or control these pests.
 DISADVANTAGES OF PESTICIDES

•Impact on human health: By continuous toxic food consumption directly affects the health of
humans drastically. so many diseases such as allergy, asthma, cancers are occurred due to the
use of harmful pesticides which are found in many forms around us.

•Negative effect on other life species: The chemical kills various pests which damage crops
but it also kills some species which can be helpful for crops. butterflies, bees, and other soil
organisms are killed when pesticides are applied in the area.

•Environmental pollution: some farmers use an excess of pesticides which pollute not only
soil but underground water also.

•Genetic defects: The continuous use of pesticides leads to a negative impact on soil fertility
for the long term.

•Affect in pollination: Pesticides affect the way of natural pollination done by bees and
butterflies which reduces the crop yield.
 Human Harm

There are three types of harmful effects caused by pesticides: acute effects, delayed effects, and
allergic effects.

Acute effects are injuries or illnesses that appear immediately after exposure. The effects are
usually obvious and reversible if appropriate medical care is given right away.

Delayed effects are illnesses or injuries that do not appear immediately these include cancer.

Pesticides have been known to cause lymphoma, leukemia, breast cancer, asthma, and other
immune system disorders.

Allergic effects are harmful effects that some but not all people develop in reaction to
substances.
 Earthworms In Soil: Learn About The Benefits Of Garden Worms

Worms play an important part in soil construction and recycling of organic waste. They
are a part of a network of organisms that turn refuse into nutrient rich soil. These nutrients are
one of the benefits of garden worms to plant growth. Worms in gardens also perform cultivation
functions that increase soil porosity and allow oxygen to get into roots. Encourage earthworms
in soil or even try worm composting to experience the life-giving effects of worm castings.

Earthworm Benefits

Worms tunnel in soil and eat organic matter, which they excrete as castings. Worms
abound in soils that are around 70 degrees Fahrenheit (21 C.). Any extremes of cold, heat or
moisture are not good for worm activity. Worms in gardens are most active when soil is
moderately warm and moist.

Their tunneling behavior accentuates the percolation of water into the soil. They also
loosen soil so oxygen and aerobic bacteria can get into plant roots. Looser soils also allow
plant roots to penetrate deeper and access more resources, which in turn builds bigger,
healthier plants. One of the biggest benefits of garden worms is their ability to turn garbage
into fertilizer.
 Worms in Gardens and Lawn Areas

The fertilizer the worms provide is also called castings. Technically, this is worm
poop, derived from their processing of organic waste. The castings are excellent sources of
nutrients for plants, but may pose a nuisance in yards.

This is a form of worm composting. Earthworms in grass leave casting hills, or

mounds, that are visually unappealing and may pose a trip hazard. The benefits of garden
worms far outweigh this minor inconvenience, however. Consider that if there are 5,000
worms in an acre of soil, they can produce 50 tons of beneficial castings.

Encouraging Earthworms in Soil

Avoid deep tilling to prevent damage to permanent earthworm burrows. “Feed” your worms by
providing layers of organic munchies for them to eat. These might be grass clippings, leaf litter or
other natural compostable items.

Do not use pesticides, which can kill entire populations of worms in gardens. You can also
transplant a couple of shovels full of soil laden with worms to areas with few of the organisms.
They will soon populate the area. Worm eggs are also available at some nurseries and online.
Vermicomposting will also encourage these beneficial creatures to the garden.
 WORM COMPOSTING

You can use these recycling abilities on your kitchen scraps. Red wigglers and redworms
are the organisms of choice for worm composting, also known as vermicomposting, which is done in
a bin. Earthworms aren’t a good choice – they are diggers and will try to get out. Placid red wigglers
will turn your kitchen scraps into compost quickly and also provide compost tea for plants that
need extra babying.

Line a bin with newspaper or shredded organic material and layer in good quality compost.
Add finely cut kitchen scraps, add worms, and cover with a light dusting of soil. Keep the compost
lightly moist and put a lid on with air holes punched in for the worms. As they compost the scraps,
scrape finished product to one side and add more. This small set up provides similar earthworm
benefits, but on a small scale.
 Different Types of Earthworms with Pictures & Facts

Types of Earthworms

There are three categories that earthworms fall into, and these can be defined by that part of
the environment the worm predominantly inhabits.

‘Epigeic’ is the Greek translation for ‘on the earth,’ because these worms do not build
burrows, and instead reside amongst decaying organic matter on the soil surface. ‘They have a
dark coloring that enables them to live above ground more safely, camouflaging themselves in
piles of leaves or topsoil. Their dark pigmentation also helps to protect them from UV rays.
They have strong muscles for their size, which enables them to move faster than other types of
worms, which is important as living above ground they are most at risk from predators.

1. Epigeic earthworms
2. Endogeic earthworms
‘Endogeic’ translates from Greek to mean ‘within the earth,’
and accordingly, these worms burrow within the top layers of soil and
rarely come up to the surface, preferring instead to literally live within
the earth. These worms are fairly small and generally measure between
one and twelve inches. They tend to be very pale or translucent and
colorless, and they have weaker muscles than epigeic worms, which
means they move more slowly. They help to mix minerals and air
within the soil and help with aeration as they eat the soil itself..

3. Anecic earthworms
‘Anecic’ is greek for ‘out of the earth,’ because although
these worms live below ground, they come up to soil level for their
food. These worms encompass some of the most common types of
earthworms, worms used for fishing bait, and nightcrawlers. They
have very weak muscles and are the slowest moving of all types of
worms, as they do not have any need to move quickly. They have
some pigmentation but are often a milky color, especially native
worms, as they predominantly reside underground. They can
drastically range in size, anywhere from one inch to a huge sixty
inches in length
 Earthworm Species

The introduction of non-native worms is actually a huge problem, as these worms become invasive
and can threaten the balance of natural ecosystems. Native worms, on the other hand, are
enormously advantageous to our ecosystem and offer numerous benefits to our soils and plants

REDHEAD WORM - Visually, this worm has red-purple

pigmentation at one end, hence the common name of ‘Redhead worm.’ It
is medium-sized, measuring between four and five inches at maturity. It
can be identified by the way it sometimes flattens its tail out to make the
shape of a paddle. This worm is native to Western Europe but has
become widespread across North and South America, where it has
become an invasive species.

COMMON EARTHWORM - Also known as the ‘dew worm,’ or ‘lob

worm,’ this is a species of earthworm that is native to Western Europe,
though as a result of transporting plants and worms for fish bait, this
worm is now commonly found across North and South America, Asia,
Africa, and Oceania. They are darker at one end, with a red-brown
pigmentation. They can most often be seen during wet weather, and
during dry seasons may burrow in the top layers of soil for protection
from both heat and predators.
 GREEN WORM - This endogeic worm is the most common type of
earthworm found in the UK, accounting for 34% of all identified earthworms.
The common name of ‘Green worm,’ comes from the fact that some of these
worms possess bilin pigment, which gives them green coloring. As adults,
these worms typically measure around two inches long.

EUROPEAN NIGHTCRAWLER - This worm is also known as the

‘Greenhouse worm,’ or ‘Compost worm,’ thanks to the fact that it is
gaining popularity as use in compost production, though it is most
commonly used as a worm for fishing bait. These worms are commonly
found in moist or damp conditions, such as compost heaps, manure
heaps, piles of decaying leaves or other organic garden matter, or bark.
BRANDLING WORM - These epigean worms are surface dwellers and are
rarely seen in layers of soil. It has hair-like structures on each segment
that are like bristles, and they can cling to surfaces to help push or pull
the worm forwards or backward, giving it greater maneuverability.
‘Fetida’ translates roughly to ‘foul-smelling,’ which is a reference to that
bad-smelling liquid the worm produces when it is handled.

GIANT GIPPSLAND EARTHWORM - This worm is native to

Australia, and it is known to be one of the largest worms in the
world at a typical length of between thirty and forty inches long.
They feed on roots and other organic matter within the soil, but
they do also sometimes pop their heads out of the soil surface in
search of other food. This worm is known to have a declining
population, which is threatened by soil cultivation and modern
farming practices. The worm also has a low reproduction rate and
slow growth, which is further hindering its ability to grow its
population.
KENTUCKY EARTHWORM - This species of worm is the only one
belonging to the Komarekionidae family. It is native to the United States
and is distributed across Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Tennessee,
Indiana, and Illinois. It is under threat from soil disturbance, as well as
other exotic worms that have been introduced. It is considered a
vulnerable species because of its widely dispersed distribution, and the
fact that its natural environment is declining.

OREGON GIANT EARTHWORM - This is a rare species of

worm that is known to be one of the largest in North
America, at an average length of over three feet. The first
example of this worm was described near Salem, Oregon,
in 1903, and it has since been sighted in just fifteen
locations around Oregon. The last known sighting of this
worm was in 2008. The genus name of ‘Driloleirus’
translates to ‘lily-like worm,’ which is a reference to the
scent the worm emits when it is handled, which is said to
be reminiscent of flowers.
LOUISIANA MUD WORM - This is the only species of worm in the
Lutodrilidae family. It is semi-aquatic, living in swamps and mudflats
in its native region of Louisiana. This worm has very limited
distribution and has not been found outside of its native state. It is
considered to be a rare species.

WASHINGTON GIANT EARTHWORM - This rare worm was first

discovered near Washington in 1897 but was thought to be extinct by
the 1980s because there had not been any sightings of the species in a
considerable amount of time. However, two specimens were discovered
in 2010, and the worm is now considered to have vulnerable
conservation status, despite environmental organizations petitioning for
it to be acknowledged as an endangered species.
GRAY WORM - This worm is commonly found in the United
Kingdom, where it lives in the top layers of soil in non-permanent
burrows. It typically measures between two and three inches long
and can be identified by its distinctive coloring. At its front end,
the worm is banded into three segments, which are pink, gray,
and brown.

AFRICAN NIGHTCRAWLERS - This worm is native to West

Africa but has become widespread across tropical and warm
regions where temperatures regularly sit between 75 and 85 °F.
This worm is easy to identify as it is dark purple all over and has
a glossy shine. Its rear end is tapered to a thin point. This worm
is known for its excellent ability to rapidly progress the
decomposition process of composting material.
COMPOSTING WORM - This is a tropical worm that is thought to have originated in the
Himalayan mountains. This worm is now commercially produced on a mass scale for use in
composting. It is known for its ability to quickly produce worm castings, which are beneficial
in the speedy decomposition of compost, and it has recently gained popularity in the North
American market as the popularity of home composting has gained momentum and become
more widespread. It thrives in moist conditions.
 15 Easy Organic Fertilizers to Make at Home
1. Rice Water

The water that is left behind after rice has been cooked, makes an easy organic fertilizer for
your plants. It contains starch and small amounts of NPK. Which are Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and
Potassium. These are all essential for plant health and growth. In basic terms, Nitrogen is good for
producing leaves and greens but if your soil is too high in Nitrogen you will get all leaves and no
actual fruit or vegetable. Phosphorus is good for cell growth and division, so it is essential for
seedlings. Potassium is great for promoting fruiting and flowering in plants. Having a good balance
of NPK in your soil is important. As your plants grow they will use up different levels of each so it is
important to replenish with fertilizers.

2. Pasta Water

Just like the rice water, pasta water will leave behind starch, which can be used to feed your plants.
Dilute the mixture if it looks too cloudy or there is not much liquid and this will give you more
fertilizer and ensure you don’t overfeed.

3. Potato Water

When you have boiled potatoes, the leftover water will be full of starch and beneficial nutrients.
Again, similar to the Rice and Pasta, make sure you haven’t added salt and let the water cool
completely.
4. Eggshell Water

Don’t throw out the water left over after boiling eggs. Let it cool, and use it to feed and water
your plants. This is such an easy organic fertilizer! This water will add a small boost of nutrients
calcium to the soil. You can also boil leftover eggshells that have been cracked to fry eggs or have
been used for baking. Then after that, crush up the eggshells and add them to the compost for extra
calcium or sprinkle around your seedling as natural pest control to help deter slugs and snails.
There are so many ways eggshells can be used to boost your garden’s health.

5. Vegetable Water

Reuse the leftover water from boiling or steaming vegetables as a natural organic fertilizer. For most
vegetables that you boil or steam, the water can be used to fertilize your plants. Just be aware that
some ingredients may cause strong odors so for Brassicas such Broccoli, Cauliflower, or Cabbage.
Definitely only use on outdoor plants as the water will start to have a strong odor.

6. Banana Peels

Banana peels are something that many of us have at home and they make a great natural fertilizer
for your plants. As many of you might know bananas are high in Potassium and in the plant world
Potassium is an essential nutrient for plant growth.
You can also chop up your banana peels and let them dry out in the sun and then blitz them up
into a powder. Add this powder to water or just sprinkled it around your plants.

There are a few different ways to make Banana Peel Fertilizer and I rotate through using them all.
The easiest way by far is just to put the peel in the compost or bury the banana peel in the garden.
This will slowly break down and release nutrients into the soil to feed your plants.

Chop up your banana peel and add it to a jar of water. I leave this on my bench with a cloth over the
top. Then you can strain off the banana peel, keep them to add to the compost or bury them in the
garden. Then dilute your water by 50% or more. If I just have one banana peel, I may not dilute it
but with three there is plenty of nutrients to be diluted and spread across more plants.

7. Coffee Grounds

Used coffee grounds are great for the garden and can add a boost of nutrition to your plants, whilst
building healthy soil. Used coffee grounds ( filtered through water) are nearly pH neutral). They are
rich in Nitrogen and Potassium which are both essential nutrients. Although they are brown in
color, they are rich in Nitrogen so coffee grounds are classed as “green” when you are composting.
There are heaps of ways to incorporate coffee grounds into your garden. You can add them straight
to your compost, sprinkle them around your plants or dilute them with water for a liquid fertilizer.
Coffee Grounds are also great for natural pest management and can deter lots of unwanted pests
from your delicate seedlings. I have even read that coffee grounds can deter cats, so if you are
having a problem with cats in your garden this is worth a try as it only benefits the soil and the
plants.

To make the liquid fertilizer from Coffee Grounds, add a cup of used coffee grounds to a bucket of
water and let it sit for a day or so. Then you have a liquid fertilizer to feed your plants. If you don’t
have any coffee grounds try visiting your local barista or cafe as they often just throw away the
grounds and would be happy for you to take them off their hands! A win for them, your garden, and
the planet!

8. Fish Tank Water

If you have freshwater fish tanks, ponds, or aquaponic systems, the water is great liquid fertilizer to
feed your plants. The fish poop and plant matter will be great for your garden. Definitely don’t use
saltwater tank water as this will probably kill your plants, which we obviously don’t want.
9. Wood Ash

The leftover ash from your wood fire is great to feed your garden. Use the light grey colored ash at
the bottom of your fireplace not the black chunks of coal. This one can be a little more technical for
beginner gardeners so it might be best to try the other fertilizer options first. Wood ash is high in
Potassium and raises the pH of your soil. So do not use it on acidic loving plants such as
Blueberries.
It’s best to add wood ash in small quantities and mix it through your gardens or compost so as to
not raise the pH of your soil too much

10. Compost Tea

Compost tea is great if you have potted plants, and don’t have room to add extra soil to top up the
nutrients. To make this easy organic fertilizer, place a few handfuls of compost in a bucket of water
and stir. Allow it to sit for 2-24hrs to mix and infuse into the water. With all fertilizers, use rainwater
when possible, as tap water is often treated with chemicals that can actually kill off all the good
bacteria that we are trying to feed.

If you only have access to tap water you can let it sit in a bucket for a day and a lot of the chlorine
will evaporate off.
11. Liquid Seaweed

You can buy organic seaweed concentrates to mix with water and make liquid fertilizers. But, if you
live near the ocean you can make your own! If you can source seaweed, ferment it in a bucket of water
for a week or more, and brew up your own organic fertilizer. Once the water is a dark color, it will
definitely have a strong smelly to it! Strain off the liquid and dilute it with more water. Add the leftover
seaweed to the compost or the garden to fully break down as slow-release fertilizer.

12. Comfrey Tea

Comfrey is great to grow in your garden, purely to help you build good soil. The Comfrey plant
contains high levels of NPK which as we now know are essential for plant health. It also contains
many other beneficial nutrients and minerals. Comfrey also provides a great cover for your soil and
habitat for beneficial insects. It also has beautiful flowers for pollinators. Because of all these great
relationships, Comfrey is a top permaculture plant. If you plan on growing your own food, you may as
well grow your own organic fertilizer!

13. Worm Tea/ Wee

Worm farms are a great way to use up excess food scraps at home and they also produce liquid
fertilizer for free! It is full of amazing nutrients that your plants will LOVE! Worms are absolute
powerhouses for edible gardens and an incredible asset to any home garden.
14. Composted Animal Manure Fertilizer

Composted animal manure is great for feeding the garden. Don’t use fresh, raw manure as it is high
in urea and will burn the roots of your small plants. Composted or aged manure is best to use in
your home gardens. Ensure that it is organic manure so it doesn’t have residual pesticides, synthetic
fertilizers, or antibiotics from the animals. It is also important that it is composted so that any grass
seeds consumed by the animal are destroyed. Otherwise, you may have lots of grasses and weeds
popping up in your garden.
The composted or aged manure can be mixed into your garden beds or mixed with water to make a
liquid fertilizer to spray on your gardens. To make easy organic fertilizers from manure, add a
handful of aged manure into a bucket of water and allow it to mix and infuse for a day or so. Giving it
a good stir every now and then. This water will then be ready to feed your plants.

15. Weed Tea Fertilizer

Weed tea is made just like comfrey tea. It is a great way to turn pesky weeds into something that
actually benefits your garden! Weeds thrive and are full of good nutrients that can be turned into
easy organic fertilizers. The main thing to consider when making weed tea is to kill off and destroy
any of the seeds. The rotting process will damage the seeds and stop grasses from being spread
around your garden.
COFFEE GROUNDS COMFREY PLANT SEA WEEDS

WOOD ASH
 TYPES OF GARDENS

Water garden or aquatic garden, is a term sometimes used for

gardens, or parts of gardens, where any type of water feature is a
principal or dominant element. The primary focus is on plants, but they
will sometimes also house waterfowl, or ornamental fish, in which case
it may be called a fish pond. Water gardening is gardening that is
concerned with growing plants adapted to lakes, rivers and ponds, often
specifically to their shallow margins.

Japanese gardens ( 日 本 庭 園 , nihon teien) are

traditional gardens whose designs are accompanied by Japanese
aesthetics and philosophical ideas, avoid artificial ornamentation,
and highlight the natural landscape. Plants and worn, aged materials
are generally used by Japanese garden designers to suggest a natural
landscape, and to express the fragility of existence as well as time's
unstoppable advance.
 Shade gardens are a type of garden planted and grown in
areas with little or no direct sunlight. Shade gardens may occur
naturally or by design under trees, as well as on the side of buildings
or fences. This style of garden presents certain challenges, in part
because only certain plants are able to grow in shady conditions and
otherwise there is direct competition for sunlight.

A therapeutic garden or wellness garden is an outdoor

garden space that has been specifically designed to meet the
physical, psychological, social and spiritual needs of the people
using the garden as well as their caregivers, family members and
friends.

Therapeutic gardens can be found in a variety of settings,

including hospitals, skilled nursing homes, assisted living
residences, continuing care retirement communities, out-patient
cancer centers, hospice residences, and other related healthcare
and residential environments.
 The cottage garden is a distinct style that uses informal design,
traditional materials, dense plantings, and a mixture of ornamental and
edible plants. English in origin, it depends on grace and charm rather
than grandeur and formal structure. Homely and functional gardens
connected to cottages go back centuries, but their stylized reinvention
occurred in 1870s England, as a reaction to the more structured,
rigorously maintained estate gardens with their formal designs and mass
plantings of greenhouse annuals.

A tropical garden is a type of garden that features tropical

plants and requires heavy rainfall or a decent irrigation or sprinkler
system for watering. These gardens typically need fertilizer and heavy
mulching.

Tropical gardens are no longer exclusive to tropical areas. Many

gardeners in cooler climates are adopting the tropical garden design,
which is possible through careful choice of plants and flowers. Main
features include plants with very large leaves, vegetation that builds in
height towards the back of the garden, creating a dense garden. Large
plants and small trees hang over the garden, leaving sunlight to hit the
ground directly.
A typical Chinese garden is enclosed by walls and includes one
or more ponds, rock works, trees and flowers, and an assortment
of halls and pavilions within the garden, connected by winding
paths and zig-zag galleries. By moving from structure to
structure, visitors can view a series of carefully composed scenes,
unrolling like a scroll of landscape paintings.

A green wall is a vertical built structure intentionally

covered by vegetation. Green walls include a vertically
applied growth medium such as soil, substitute substrate,
or hydroculture felt; as well as an integrated hydration and
fertigation delivery system. They are also referred to as
living walls or vertical gardens, and widely associated with
the delivery of many beneficial ecosystem services.
Raised-bed gardening is a form of gardening in which the
soil is raised above ground level and usually enclosed in
some way. Raised bed structures can be made of wood, rock,
concrete or other materials, and can be of any size or shape.
The soil is usually enriched with compost.

•Flower Gardens Another popular practice of gardening is

borders of mixed flowering shrubs along with some
herbaceous plants. At the end of spring, you can plant a
group of half-hardy annuals that can withstand low
temperatures at night. This will fill up the gaps left by the
flowering bulls during spring.
•Such a border can be filled with flowering roses and large
shrub roses at the back. Polyantha roses, floribunda, and
hybrid tea roses can be grown in a separate rose garden or
rose beds.
Woodland gardens have paths that curve around rather than
run straight. It will be either grass or mulch and not
pavement. It will have thin trees to accommodate light,
especially in the glades. Plants in a woodland garden are
supposed to be woodlanders in their original habitat, such
as, Snowdrops, Daffodil, Lily, Maple, Pieris, Magnolia,
Rhododendron, Epimedium, John’s wort, Hellebore, Primrose

•Rock gardens are types of gardens that are designed to look

as if they are a natural part of a slope of a rocky hillside. If you
are adding rocks, place them on the broader side as that’s how
it is found in their natural strata. A small number of large
boulders are usually better than a large number of small rocks.
Rocks must be arranged by considering the exposure that sun-
tolerant plants must get such as for rockroses. For filling up
the gaps among the rock faces, small perennial plants can be
added.
•The medieval and botanical gardens were actually herbs and
vegetable gardens. They contained medicinal herbs such as,
Dill, Marjoram, Fennel, Rosemary, Parsley, & Thyme. Modern
herb gardens now contain herbs used for cooking and not
medicinal plants. These herb gardens need plenty of sunlight
as the majority of them belong to dry and warm regions.

Modern architecture constructs flat roof and different types of

gardens have made their way there. You could find these
rooftop gardens in commercial buildings and private houses.
They follow the same principle as the other types of gardens
but with less soil depth as that helps to maintain the low
weight on the rooftop. The size of the plants thus is limited
and they are usually set in tubs or other such containers.
You’ll find that elaborate rooftop gardens have small beds and
pools too.
The scent is one of the elements that people appreciated in
all types of gardens. In scented gardens, the scent from
flowers or leaves of plants is the main criterion. Only such
plants are included in scented gardens which especially
benefit blind people. Some of these scented plants release
scents only under full sunlight while others have to be rubbed
or bruised to induce their fragrance. Such scented plants are
grown on raised beds.

Wildlife garden - Establishing a garden that emulates the

environment before the residence was built and/or renders the
garden similar to intact wild areas nearby (rewilding) will allow
natural systems to interact and establish an equilibrium,
ultimately minimizing the need for gardener maintenance and
intervention. Wildlife gardens can also play an essential role in
biological pest control, and also promote biodiversity, native
plantings, and generally benefit the wider environment. Some
environmental benefits include the reduction in pest
populations through the natural mechanism of biological pest
control, by helping reduce the need for pesticides. Habitat
gardens also provide the environment an ecosystem service by
recharging aquifers by intercepting rainfall.