Respiratory

Chapter 25
 Chapter 25 Level 1 Objectives
 List the anatomical components of the upper & lower respiratory
tracts

 List the anatomical components of the conducting & respiratory

(functional) divisions

 List the functions of the respiratory system

 Define: vestibule, vibrissae, Laryngeal prominence, cricothyroid

ligament, Rima glottidis, anular ligaments, trachilais muscle,
bronchial tree, carina, visceral and parietal pleura,
 Chapter 25 Level 1 Objectives
 List the 3 regions of the pharynx

 List the 3 major cartilages and 3 smaller cartilages of the larynx

 Describe the branching of the bronchial tree from the primary

bronchi to alveoli

 List the 3 cells found in the alveoli

 Describe the base, apex, costal surface, mediastinal surface, and

hilum of the lungs
 Chapter 25 Level 1 Objectives
 Describe the anterior, posterior, inferior, superior, and lateral
borders of the nasal cavity

 Describe the epithelial lining of the: Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea,

bronichal tree, alveoli

 Describe the borders of the the regions of the pharynx

 Chapter 25 Level 2 Objectives
 Describe the function of the nasal conchae and paranasal sinuses

 Describe why the lining is appropriate for each area : Nasal cavity,
pharynx, trachea, bronichal tree, alveoli

 Describe the cartilage, ligament, and membrane fold anatomy of

the voice box
 Chapter 25 Level 2 Objectives
 Describe the function of the 3 cells in the alveoli

 Describe the anatomy of the respiratory membrane

 Describe any anatomical differences between the right and left

lungs
 Chapter 25 Level 3 Objectives
 Using your knowledge about Boyles law: describe the
anatomical and physiological changes that occur during
inhalation and exhalation.
› Be sure to include muscles that are active during both

 Using prior knowledge, describe what occurs at the alveoli

and WHY this occurs
 Respiratory System Functions

Sternocleido
 Means for gas exchange mastoid

by breathing Transversus
Thoracis
Scalenes

› inhalation & exhalation

Internal
External intercostals
intercostals
 Respiration
Diaphragm

Muscles of Inspiration Muscles of Expiration

 Respiratory System Functions
 Gas conditioning
› Warm & Moisten
 Olfaction
› Olfactory Epithelium
 Sound production
› Larynx and Mouth
 Defense
› Twisted, cilia, & Mucous
Anatomical Divisions of the Respiratory
System
Functional Division of the Respiratory
System

Conducting
portion

Bronchi
Terminal
Bronchiole

Respiratory Respiratory
portion Bronchiole
Alveoli
Upper Respiratory Tract
Paranasal sinuses
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Paranasal Sinuses
Paranasal Sinuses: Condition
Nasal Cavity
 Nasal Cavity
 First part of Upper Respiratory Tract

 Functionally Conducting Portion

 Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar

› Condition air
› How?
Nasal Cavity: Superior Border

Olfactory
Epithelium
Nasal Cavity: Inferior Border

Hard
palate:

Maxillae

Palatine
Bones
Nasal Cavity: Anterior Border

Nostrils
(outside)

Vestibule:
Vibrissae
 Nasal Cavity: Posterior Border

Choanae
 Nasal Cavity: Lateral Border

Superior Concha
Superior Meatus
Middle Concha Middle Meatus
Inferior Concha
Inferior Meatus
Nasal Cavity: Medial Border
 Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx: Ciliated Psuedostratified
Columnar

Pharyngeal
tonsils 
Soft Palate
Oropharynx: Nonkeratinized Stratified
Squamous

Soft Palate
 Hyoid
Laryngopharynx: Nonkeratinized Stratified
Squamous

Hyoid
Cricoid
Cartilage
Lower Respiratory Tract
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial Tree
Terminal Bronchioles
Larynx
Voicebox
 Larynx “Voice Box”
 Conducts air & Produces Sound
 Connects pharynx to trachea
 Contains cartilages, ligaments, & muscles
 Nonkeratinized Stratified squamous &

Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar

 3 major cartilages are:

1. Thyroid cartilage
2. Cricoid cartilage
3. Epiglottis
 Thyroid Cartilage
 Hyaline Cartilage

 Largest

 Only anterior & lateral

wall

 Thyrohyoid membrane

 Laryngeal prominence
 Cricoid Cartilage
 Hyaline Cartilage

 Inferior to thyroid cartilage

 Complete ring-shaped
cartilage

 Cricothyroid ligament

Figure 25.4
 Epiglottis
 Elastic Cartilage

 Spoon-shaped projects
superiorly into
pharynx

 Choking Prevention
Minor Cartilages of the Larynx

Aryepiglottic Fold
 Sound Production
Rima Glottidis

Range (Soprano- Bass): Length

 Short/short
 Long/long
 50 Hz-480 Hz
Pitch: Frequency of sound wave
 High/tight
 Low/loose
 Males 120 Hz, Females 220 Hz

Loudness: Volume of air

 Trachea
 Inferior to larynx
 Anterior to esophagus

 Tracheal cartilages
 Anular ligaments

 Pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium
 Bronchiole Tree
 Reside within the Lungs

 Highly branched system of air-conducting

passages
› primary bronchi  terminal bronchiole.
› conducting portion
 Bronchial Tree
As bronchi become smaller…
 Cartilage smaller & less None
 Increase in Smooth mm
 Pseudostratified ciliated columnar 
simple columnarsimple squamous
epithelium
Become Bronchioles
 Bronchioles
 < 1 mm in diameter.
 Composed of thick layer of smooth muscle.

 Bronchoconstriction
 Bronchodilation

 Bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles,

› last portions of the conduction portion
Respiratory Portion
Gas Exchange
Respiratory Portion
Alveolus and it’s 3 Cells
Respiratory Membrane
Lungs
Costal surface
Right Lung Vs Left Lung
Right Lung Vs Left Lung
 Chapter 25 Level 1 Objectives
1. Which is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract?
A. Nasal Cavity B. Larynx C. Pharynx D. Sinuses

2. List the functions of the respiratory system

3. The _______ ligaments are found in between the trachial cartilage

rings.
A. Vestibule B. Anular C. Cricothyroid D. Carina

4. List the regions of the pharynx from superior to inferior

 Chapter 25 Level 1 Objectives
5. Name the largest cartilage in the body.

6. List the 3 cells found in the alveoli.

7. Which surface of the lung is most medial?

A. Costal B. Base C. Apex D. Mediastinal