AN ORAL SEMINAR PRESENTATION

ON
BREAST CANCER
BY;
ADEWUNMI PRECIOUS OLUSOLA
MATRIC NO: 1808001031

DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
EKITI STATE UNIVERSITY
 ABSTRACT

Breast cancer is a complex disease that can have significant

physical, emotional, and psychological impacts on individuals and
their families. The causes of breast cancer are not fully understood,
but there are several risk factors that have been identified, including
age, genetics, and lifestyle factors. While it is not always possible
to prevent breast cancer, there are steps that individuals can take to
reduce their risk, such as maintaining a healthy lifestyle, getting
regular exercise, and limiting alcohol intake.
 OUTLINE

• Introduction
• Types of breast cancer
• Causes of breast cancer
• Symptoms of breast cancer
• Prevention of breast cancer
• How to perform a breast self-examination
• Treatment of breast cancer
• Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION

What is breast cancer?

Breast cancer is a complex disease in which cells in breast
grow out of control and that can have significant physical,
emotional, and psychological impacts on individuals and their
families.
 INTRODUCTION
Type of breast cancer
Invasive breast cancer
It exists when abnormal cells from
within the lobules or milk ducts split out
into close proximity of breast tissue.
Cancer cells can pass through the breast
to different parts of the body through
immune system or the systemic
circulation. They may move early in the
development when the tumor is a minute
or afterward when the tumor is huge
Invasive breast cancer is most occurring
general carcinoma in females.
N o n - I n v a s iv e b re a s t c a n c e r
It is a cancer that has not extended away
from the lobule or dusts where it
situated. An example of a kind of non-
invasive breast cancer is ductal
carcinoma in situ. Ductal carcinoma in
situ appears when atypical cells develop
within the milk ducts, however have not
extended to close proximity of tissue or
outside. Even though the atypical cells
have not extended to tissues outer the
lobules or ducts, they can progress and
grow into invasive breast cancer.
 TYPE OF INVASIVE BREAST CANCER

• Inflammatory Breast Cancer- Inflammatory breast cancer

is the form of swollen breasts (red and warm) with
dimples and/or broad ridges due to cancer cells blocking
lymph vessels or channels in the skin over the breast.
• Paget’s Disease of the Breast- It is the uncommon type of
breast cancer that usually shows visible changes to the
nipple of the breast .Its symptoms include red itchy rashes
involving the nipple and then it can sometime spread to
the normal skin as well.
TYPE OF NON-INVASIVE BREAST CANCER

• Lobular Carcinoma in Situ (LCIS)- This type of breast

cancer develops into breast lobules. The breast cancer has
not extended exterior to the lobules into the breast tissue .
• Ductal Carcinoma in Situ- It is the most general kind of
non-invasive breast cancer, is limited to the breast duct.
Example of ductal carci- noma in situ is ductal
comedocarcinoma.
 CAUSES OF BREAST CANCER

• Age- The risk of developing breast cancer increases with age, with the majority of
cases occurring in women over the age of 50.
• Gender- Breast cancer is much more common in women than in men.
• Family history- Women who have a close relative (such as a mother, sister, or
daughter) who has been diagnosed with breast cancer have an increased risk of
developing the disease.
• Inherited gene mutations- in certain genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, can
increase the risk of breast cancer.
• Personal history- Women who have previously been diagnosed with breast
cancer are at increased risk of developing a new cancer in the other breast or a
recurrence of the original cancer.
• Hormonal factors- Exposure to estrogen and progesterone over a long period of
time, such as starting menstruation at an early age or going through menopause at
a later age, can increase the risk of breast cancer.
• Lifestyle factors- such as physical inactivity, excessive alcohol consumption, and
obesity have been linked to an increased risk of breast cancer.
 SYMPTOMS OF BREAST
CANCER
Breast cancer symptoms can vary for each person. Possible signs of breast cancer
include:
• A change in the size, shape or contour of your breast.
• A mass or lump, which may feel as small as a pea.
• A lump or thickening in or near your breast or in your underarm that persists
through your menstrual cycle.
• A change in the look or feel of your skin on your bre ast or nipple (dimpled,
puckered, scaly or inflamed).
• Redness of your skin on your breast or nipple.
• An area that’s distinctly different from any other area on either breast.
• A marble-like hardened area under your skin.
• A blood-stained or clear fluid discharge from your nipple.
• Some people don’t notice any signs of breast cancer at all. That’s why routine
mammograms and are so important.
 PREVENTION OF BREAST
CANCER

Breast cancer is a complex disease that can be influenced by a range

of risk factors. While some of these risk factors, such as age and
gender, cannot be changed, there are steps that individuals can take to
help reduce their risk of developing breast cancer. Some of the ways
that breast cancer risk can be reduced include:

• Maintaining a healthy weight

• Limiting alcohol consumption
• Regular exercise
• Breastfeeding
• Screening
• Limit postmenopausal hormone therapy
 HOW TO PERFORM BREAST
SELF- EXAMINATION
3 METHODS TO PERFORM A BREAST SELF-
EXAMINATION

• Circular Method- Use the hand opposite the breast you are examining.
Beginning at the outermost top of your breast, press the flat portions of the 2nd,
3rd, and 4th fingertips into your breast. Moving in small circles slowly around
your breast, work toward the nipple. Press firmly to feel deep tissues and gently
to feel tissues under the skin. Be sure to cover the entire breast without skipping
any areas. Repeat for your opposite breast.
• “Wheel Spokes” Method- Imagine that your breast is divided into pie-shaped
sections, much like spokes divide a wheel. Begin at the outermost top of the
breast. Press the flat portions of the fingertips into your left breast, moving first
toward the nipple, then away from the nipple. When you complete that section,
slide your fingers slightly to the next area and repeat the process gradually
moving around your entire breast. Repeat for your opposite breast.
• Grid Method- Begin at the innermost portion of the breast, near the breastbone.
With the flat portions of the fingertips, move down your breast pressing firmly
and gently. Slide your fingers slightly and move up your breast, then down, and
so forth, until the entire breast area has been examined. Repeat for the opposite
breast.
 TREATMENT OF BREAST
EXAMINATION
• Anthracyclines
• Surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Taxol
• Complementary Therapies
A plan for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer is a key component of any overall
cancer control plan. Its main goal is to cure cancer patients or prolong their life
considerably, ensuring a good quality of life. In order for a diagnosis and treatment
programme to be effective, it must never be developed in isolation. It needs to be
linked to an early detection programme so that cases are detected at an early stage,
when treatment is more effective and there is a greater chance of cure. It also needs to
be integrated with a palliative care programme, so that patients with advanced
cancers, who can no longer benefit from treatment, will get adequate relief from their
physical, psychosocial and spiritual suffering.
 CONCLUSION

A plan for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer is a key component of any overall
cancer control plan. Its main goal is to cure cancer patients or prolong their life
considerably, ensuring a good quality of life. In order for a diagnosis and treatment
programme to be effective, it must never be developed in isolation. It needs to be
linked to an early detection programme so that cases are detected at an early stage,
when treatment is more effective and there is a greater chance of cure. It also needs
to be integrated with a palliative care programme, so that patients with advanced
cancers, who can no longer benefit from treatment, will get adequate relief from
their physical, psychosocial and spiritual suffering. Furthermore, programmes
should include a awareness-raising component, to educate patients, family and
community members about the cancer risk factors and the need for taking
preventive measures to avoid developing cancer.
THANKS FOR LISTENING