Engineering Electromagnetics

Lecture 11

Dr.-Ing. Erwin Sitompul

President University
http://zitompul.wordpress.com
2 0 1 5
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 Chapter 8 The Steady Magnetic Field

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 In our study of Gauss’s law, we applied it to a differential
volume element which led to the “Concept of Divergence.”
 We now apply Ampere’s circuital law to the perimeter of a
differential surface element and discuss the third and last of the
special derivatives of vector analysis, the curl.
 Our immediate objective is to obtain the point form of Ampere’s
circuital law.

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 Chapter 8 The Steady Magnetic Field

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 Again, we choose rectangular
coordinate, and an incremental closed
path of sides Δx and Δy is selected.
 We assume that some current
produces a reference value for H at
the center of this small rectangle,
given by
H 0  H x 0a x  H y 0a y  H z 0a z

 The closed line integral of H about this path is then

approximately the sum of the four values of H·ΔL on each side.
 We choose the direction of traverse as 1-2-3-4-1, which
corresponds to a current in the az direction.
 The first contribution, from section 1-2, is therefore
(H  L)1 2  H y ,1 2 y

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 Chapter 8 The Steady Magnetic Field

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 The value of Hy on section 1-2 may be
given in terms of the reference value
Hy0 at the center of the rectangle, the
rate of change of Hy with x, and the
distance Δx/2 from the center to the
midpoint of side 1-2.
H y  1 
H y ,1 2  H y 0   x 
x  2 
 Thus,
 1 H y 
(H  L)1 2   H y 0  x  y
 2 x 

 The next contribution, from section 2-3, is given as

 1 H x 
(H  L) 23  H x ,23 (x)    H x 0  y  x
 2 y 
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 Chapter 8 The Steady Magnetic Field

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 Further, section 3-4 will give
 1 H y 
(H  L)3 4   H y 0  x  (y )
 2 x 
 Finally, section 4-1 will give
 1 H x 
(H  L) 41   H x 0  y  x
 2 y 

 Adding the results from all 4 sections, we obtain

 H y H x 
 H  dL   x  y  xy

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 Chapter 8 The Steady Magnetic Field

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 By Ampere’s circuital law, this closed path integration of
magnetic field intensity H must be equal to the current enclosed
by the path, or the current crossing any surface bounded by the
path.
 If we assume a general current density J, the enclosed current
is then
I  J z xy
and
 H y H x 
 H  dL   x  y  xy  J z xy

 Finally,

 H  dL  H y

H x
 Jz
xy x y

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 Chapter 8 The Steady Magnetic Field

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 As we let the closed path shrink, the approximation becomes
more nearly exact, and we have the current density in z
direction.

lim

 H  dL H y H x
   Jz
x , y 0 xy x y
 If we choose closed paths which are oriented perpendicularly to
each of the remaining two coordinate axes, analogous
processes lead to expression for the x and y components of the
current density

lim
 H  dL  H z

H y
 Jx
y , z 0 yz y z

lim
 H  dL  H 
H z
x
 Jy
z , x 0 z x z x

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 Chapter 8 The Steady Magnetic Field

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 Comparing all equation in the previous slide, we can conclude
that “a component of a current density in a certain direction is
given by the limit of the quotient of the closed line integral of H
about a small path in a plane normal to that component as the
area enclosed by the path shrinks to zero.”
 This limit has its counterpart in other fields of science and
received the name of curl.

 The mathematical form of the curl is

(curl H ) N  lim
 H  dL
S N 0 S N

 ΔSN is the planar area enclosed by the closed line integral,

while N subscript indicated that the component of the curl is
normal to the surface enclosed by the closed path.

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 11/8

 Chapter 8 The Steady Magnetic Field

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 In rectangular coordinates, the curl H is given by
 H z H y   H x H z   H y H x

curl H     ax    ay     az
 y z   z x   x y
Rectangular
 This result may be written in the form of a determinant or in
terms of the vector operator, as follows
ax ay az
  
curl H  curl H    H
x y z
Hx Hy Hz

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 Chapter 8 The Steady Magnetic Field

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 1 H z H   H  H z 
H     a     a
   z   z  
Cylindrical
1   (  H ) H  
    az
    

1   ( H sin  ) H 
H     ar
r sin     
1  1 H r  (rH )  Spherical
    a
r  sin   r 
1   (rH ) H r 
    a
r  r  

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 11/10

 Chapter 8 The Steady Magnetic Field

Small Paddle Wheel as a Curl Meter

• Clockwise rotation • No rotation

I
H a
2
1  (  H )
H
curl H   a  az  0
z  
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 Chapter 8 The Steady Magnetic Field

Small Paddle Wheel as a Curl Meter

2

3 1
4
·

 H  dL   H  dL   H  dL   H  dL   H  dL
  
1 2 2 3
   
3 4 4 1
0 0
B A
I I
  2 r  rB d    rA d  0
A B B 2 rA

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 Chapter 8 The Steady Magnetic Field

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 Example
Let H = 0.2z2 ax for z > 0, and H = 0
elsewhere, as shown in the next
figure. Calculate  H·dL about a
square path with side d, centered
at (0,0,z1) in the y = 0 plane where
z1 > d/2.

First  H  dL  0.2( z1  12 d ) 2 d  0
 0.2( z1  12 d ) 2 d  0
 0.4 z1d 2 , ax ay az
Or   H   x  y  z

then (  H ) y  lim

 H  dL 0.2 z 2 0 0
d 0 d2  
 (0.2 z )a y  (0.2 z 2 )a z
2

0.4 z1d 2 z y
 lim  0.4 z1
d 0 d 2  0.4 za y
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 Chapter 8 The Steady Magnetic Field

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 To complete our original examination of the application of
Ampere’s circuital law to a differential-sized path, we may write
 H z H y   H x H z 
curl H    H     ax    ay
 y z   z x 
 H y H x 
   az  J
 x y 

H  J • Point Form of Ampere’s Circuital law

• Second Maxwell’s Equation,
non-time varying condition.

• Point Form of Potential Difference law

E  0 • Third Maxwell’s Equation,
non-time varying condition.

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 Chapter 8 The Steady Magnetic Field

Homework 11
 D8.4.
 D8.5.

 Deadline: Thursday, 25 June 2015.

 For D8.4., replace H = 3zax – 2x3az A/m with

H = –4z–2ax + c·x2az A/m for odd Student ID
H = 2z2ax + c·xaz A/m for even Student ID
For D8.5., replace PC (2,30°,20°) with
PC (2,d,30°) for odd Student ID
PC (7,d,20°) for even Student ID
where c = Birth Day / 10
d = Birth Month·10°
 Example: Rudi Bravo (002201700016) was born on 3 June 2002.
For him, c = 3/10 = 0.3, d = 6·10° = 60°.
Then, he chooses H and PC for even Student ID.

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