CHILD AND

ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT
Unit II
EARLY SENSORY
STIMULATIONS
*Reflexes *
 What is stimulation?

Stimulation means arousal or

activation.
 What is a reflex?

A reflex is an action or movement of

the body that happens automatically
as a reaction to something.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF REFLEXES
■ Moro reflex
■ walking/stepping reflex
■ rooting reflex
■ tonic and neck reflex
■ palmar grasp
■ plantar grasp
 MORO
REFLEX
 This is a response of the baby
when he is startled by something
loud or abrupt

 The baby throws out his arms

and legs and extending his neck,
then rapidly bringing his arms
together as he cries loudly.

 First month.
HOME
WALKING OR
STEPPING
REFLEX
 If you hold a baby
under the arms and
let his soles touch a
flat surface, he will
place one foot in
front of the other
and walk.
HOME
 ROOTING
REFLEX
 This prompts the
baby to turn his
head toward your
hand if you stroke
his cheek.
 sucking reflex

HOME
 TONIC AND
NECK
REFLEX
 fencing posture
 the baby’s head
turns to one side, his
arm on that side will
straighten, with the
opposite arm bent.

HOME
 PALMAR
GRASP

 when you
stroke his palm,
the baby
automatically
grips your
finger.
HOME
 PLANTAR
GRASP

 when you
stroke the sole
of his foot, the
toes curl lightly.

HOME
EXCEPTIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
 Disability vs. Handicap
Disability
■ a disability is a measurable impairment or limitation that “interferes
with a person’s ability, for example to walk, lift, hear, or learn.
■ It may refer to a physical, sensory, or mental condition.

Handicap
■ A disadvantage that occurs as a result of a disability or impairment.
The degree of disadvantage (or the extent of the handicap) is often
dependent on the adjustment made by both the person and his
environment.
DEVELOPMENTA
L DISABILITIES
Areas of Difficulties:
■ speech and language
■ motor skills
■ vision
■ hearing
■ emotions and behavior
■ self help skills
 MENTAL
RETARDATION
 a person has intellectual
functioning that is more than
two standards deviation
below the norm
 he has inability to adapt to
the environment
 attainment of developmental
stages is slowed and
dependency is prolonged.
CAUSES OF MENTAL
RETARDATION
■ injury
■ disease
■ Infection
■ chromosomal abnormality
■ congenital syndrome (inherent)
 INTELLECTUAL IMPAIRMENT AND
CAPACITY
LEVEL IQ SCORE ADULT
CAPACITY
Mild 55 to 69 8-11 years old

Moderate 40-54 5-7 years old

severe 25-39 3-5 years old

profound Below 25 Less than 3 years

old
 SEVERE VISUAL
IMPAIRMENT/LEGAL
BLINDNESS
 a visual acuity in both eyes of
less than 20/200 or a visual
field of less than 20 percent
despite the best correction.
 a partially sighted individual
has visual acuity of 20/70 OR
20/200 with correction.
 CAUSES OF VISUAL
IMPAIRMENT
■ trauma
■ prenatal viral infection
■ eye malformations
■ tumors
■ retinopathy or prematurity
 HEARING
IMPAIRMENT

 occurs when some part

of the hearing apparatus
malfunction with resulting
hearing loss and possible
loss of the ability to
speak.
Three types of hearing loss:

■ conductive (middle ear)

■ sensorineural (cochlea)
■ mixed (both)
■ bilateral or unilateral
 HEARING LOSSES SEVERITY
LEVEL DECIBEL (loudness) COMMUNICATIVE
FUNCTIONING
Mild 15 to 45 Speech is normal

Moderate 46-70 Articulation is affected

severe 71-90 Cannot converse

Use of hearing aid
profound 91 and above Cannot speak
Cannot communicate
 CAUSES OF HEARING
IMPAIRMENT
■ middle ear infection
■ cleft palace
■ genetic or chromosomal abnormalities
■ noise pollution
CEREBRAL PALSY

 refers to various
disorders of movements
and posture that are due to
damage/abnormality of
the immature brain
 occurs before 16 years of
life and not progressive
 CEREBRAL PALSY
■ People with this may experience excessive
sleep, irritability, poor suck, weak cry, poor
alertness, floppy resting position
■ can also cause mental retardation, visual
problems, hearing, speech and language
problems, seizures, emotional and behavioral
problems
 CAUSES OF CEREBRAL
PALSY
■ complication during labor, delivery and neo-
natal period
■ chromosomal abnormalities
■ exposure to radiation and drugs
■ head injury
■ meningitis (swollen spinal cord)
 LANGUAGE
PROBLEM

 can be classified as
language delays or language
disorders
 this is diagnosed when the
child’s speech, verbal
expression, and
understanding of the
language are less developed
for his age
 Aphasia
- loss or impairment to use or
comprehend words

 Broca’s Aphasia –
expressive aphasia
 Wernicke’s Aphasia –
receptive aphasia
 Global Aphasia –
expressive and receptive
aphasia
LEARNING DISABILITY
(due to perceptual, memory, attentional and
language defects)
 DYSLEXIA

 readingand written
language problem
DYSGRAPHIA

 hand writing
disorder
DYSCALCULA

 mathematic
disorder
BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS
 Attention Deficit
Disorder/Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder
(ADD/ADHD)

 disorders that interfere

with attention
 difficulty in paying
attention and easy
distraction
 hyperactive and restless
 prone to outburst of
anger and aggression
 resistant to discipline
 reading disorders and
poor computational skills
are highly associated
 CAUSES OF ADD/ADHD

■ genetic disorders
■ central nervous system diseases, prenatal drug
exposure, and serious emotional disturbances.
Children with ADHD may exhibit…
1. Restless as evidenced by fidgeting with hands or feet.
2. Leaving his seat when remaining seated is expected.
3. Running about or climbing when remaining seated.
4. Being “on the go” or often acting as if “driven by a motor”
5. Blurting out answers before questions are complete
6. Difficulty waiting for his turn
7. Interrupting on others conversations or activities
8. Not paying attention to details or making careless mistakes
9. Difficulty paying attention to what needs to be done
10. Seeming not to listen when spoken to directly
11. Not following through when given directions, failing to finish activities.
 AUTISM
 a condition or disorder
that causes problems in
forming relationships and
in communicating with
other people
 automatic spectrum
disorder
 AUTISM

Symptoms:
 Limited language
 imaginative plays
 narrow range of interests
and activities
END 