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Corporate Finance Chap 1
Corporate Finance Chap 1
• Sole Proprietorships.
• Partnerships.
• Corporations.
• Limited Companies.
• Non-Profit Organisations.
Sole Proprietorship
• Easily and inexpensively formed.
• Unlimited Liabilities.
• All partners are deemed to have equal share in both growth and
bankruptcy.
Corporations
• Corporations are legal entity created by the state and it is
distinct and separate from its owners and managers.
• Unlimited life.
Financing can be done from within its own resources i.e. cash at
its disposal, through issue of equities or through debt financing
i.e. tapping the money market.
Trade off theory - explains the fact that firms or corporations usually
are financed partly with debt and partly with equity. There is an
advantage to financing with debt - the Tax Benefit of Debt and the
cost of financing with debt, the costs of financial distress including
Bankruptcy Costs of debt and non-Bankruptcy costs such as employee
attrition, suppliers demanding disadvantageous payment terms.
Once internal funds have been used and on its depletion, debts
are issued, and when it is not sensible to issue any more debt
or once the marginal benefits coming from debt financing
reduces, equity is issued.
• Sales forecast – all financial plans require near accurate sales forecast.
Forecasting sales, however, cannot be predicted accurately and depends
significantly on prevailing and future macroeconomic conditions.
• Asset requirement – the plan will describe projected capital spending. The
use of net working capital can also be discussed.
Ross Westerfield Jaffe, Corporate Finance, Chap-3, Financial Planning and Growth, pg – 48/49
Financial Planning & Growth
Growth – In simple terms, growth refers to an increase in some
quantity over some time. In economic terms, growth imply an
increment in the “monetary” value of goods and services produced
in the economy.
A. Rappaport, Creating Shareholder Value: The New Standard for Business Performance (New York: Free
Press, 1986)
Financial Planning & Growth
Recall from the example that the –
Therefore,
• External Borrowings.
Financial Planning & Growth
Total Capital Spending (TΔS) – to achieve growth
Therefore,
Given the above equation, we can now derive the sales growth
ΔS p * (1 - d) * (1 + L)
=
S0 T – [p * (1 – d) * (1 + L)]
Financial Planning & Growth
T: 1
p: 16.5 %
d: 72.4 %
L: 1
= 0.10 or 10 percent
Financial Planning & Growth
Can growth be achieved beyond the sustainable level ?
Types of market:
• Mortgage Market.
S Rate Hike S1
Interest Rate Interest Rate
S1
12
10
D1
D2 Recession D1
Induced
r = r* + IP + DRP + LP + MRP
Therefore,
Nominal Risk-Free Rate (rRF) – risk free rate (r*) plus premium for
expected inflation. Securities that boast of offering such
nominal interest rate tend to enjoy no risk of default, no
maturity risk, no liquidity risk, no risk of loss if inflation rises.
rRF = r* + IP
Consider:
Forward spot price of oil
Investment Amount: $1000. @ 10% inflation rate -
$1.10
Market Interest Rate: 5%