Professional Documents
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string Class
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
10.1 Character Testing
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Table 10-1
Character Description
Macro
isalp ha Returns true (a nonzero number) if the argument is a letter of the alphabet.
Returns 0 if the argument is not a letter.
isaln u m Returns true (a nonzero number) if the argument is a letter of the alphabet or a
digit. Otherwise it returns 0.
isdigit Returns true (a nonzero number) if the argument is a digit 0–9. Otherwise it
returns 0.
islo w er Returns true (a nonzero number) if the argument is a lowercase letter.
Otherwise, it returns 0.
isprin t Returns true (a nonzero number) if the argument is a printable character
(including a space). Returns 0 otherwise.
ispu n ct Returns true (a nonzero number) if the argument is a printable character other
than a digit, letter, or space. Returns 0 otherwise.
isup p er Returns true (a nonzero number) if the argument is an uppercase letter.
Otherwise, it returns 0.
isspace Returns true (a nonzero number) if the argument is a whitespace character.
Whitespace characters are any of the following:
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program 10-1
// This program demonstrates some of the character testing
// functions.
#include <iostream.h>
#include <ctype.h>
void main(void)
{
char input;
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if (isalpha(input))
cout << "That's an alphabetic character.\n";
if (isdigit(input))
cout << "That's a numeric digit.\n";
if (islower(input))
cout << "The letter you entered is lowercase.\n";
if (isupper(input))
cout << "The letter you entered is uppercase.\n";
if (isspace(input))
cout << "That's a whitespace character.\n";
}
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program Output With Example input
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program 10-2
// This program tests a customer number to determine if it is
// in the proper format.
#include <iostream.h>
#include <ctype.h>
// Function prototype
bool testNum(char []);
void main(void)
{
char customer[8];
cout << "Enter a customer number in the form ";
cout << "LLLNNNN\n";
cout << "(LLL = letters and NNNN = numbers): ";
cin.getline(customer, 8);
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Program continues
if (testNum(customer))
cout << "That's a valid customer number.\n";
else
{
cout << "That is not the proper format of the ";
cout << "customer number.\nHere is an example:\n";
cout << " ABC1234\n";
}
}
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if (!isalpha(custNum[count]))
return false;
}
// Test the last 4 characters for numeric digits
for (int count = 3; count < 7; count++)
{
if (!isdigit(custNum[count]))
return false;
}
return true;
}
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program Output With Example input
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
10.2 Character Case Conversion
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Table 10-2
Function Description
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program 10-3
// This program calculates the area of a circle. It asks the
// user if he or she wishes to continue. A loop that
// demonstrates the toupper function repeats until the user
// enters 'y', 'Y', 'n', or 'N'.
#include <iostream.h>
#include <ctype.h>
void main(void)
{
const float pi = 3.14159;
float radius;
char go;
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do
{
cout << "Enter the circle's radius: ";
cin >> radius;
cout << "The area is " << (pi * radius * radius);
cout << endl;
do
{
cout << "Calculate another? (Y or N) ";
cin >> go;
} while (toupper(go) != 'Y' && toupper(go) !=
'N');
} while (toupper(go) == 'Y');
}
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program Output With Example input
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
10.3 Review of the Internal Storage of
C-strings
• A C-string is a sequence of characters
stored in consecutive memory locations,
terminated by a null character.
Figure 10-1
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program 10-4
// This program contains string constants
#include <iostream.h>
void main(void)
{
char again;
do
{
cout << "C++ programming is great fun!" << endl;
cout << "Do you want to see the message again?
";
cin >> again;
} while (again == 'Y' || again == 'y');
}
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program 10-5
// This program cycles through a character array, displaying
// each element until a null terminator is encountered.
#include <iostream.h>
void main(void)
{
char line[80];
int count = 0;
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program Output with Example input
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
10.4 Library Functions for Working
with C-strings
• The C++ library has numerous functions for
handling C-strings These functions perform
various tests and manipulations.
• Functions discussed in this section require
the inclusion of string.h header file
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Figure 10-2
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Table 10-3
Function Description
strlen Accepts a C-string or a pointer to a string as an argument. Returns the length of the
string (not including the null terminator. Example Usage: len = strlen(name);
strcat Accepts two C-strings or pointers to two strings as arguments. The function appends
the contents of the second string to the first string. (The first string is altered, the
second string is left unchanged.) Example Usage: strcat(string1, string2);
strcp y Accepts two C-strings or pointers to two strings as arguments. The function copies
the second string to the first string. The second string is left unchanged. Example
Usage: strcpy(string1, string2);
strn cp y Accepts two C-strings or pointers to two strings and an integer argument. The third
argument, an integer, indicates how many characters to copy from the second string
to the first string. If the string2 has fewer than n characters, string1 is padded with
'\0 ' characters. Example Usage: strncpy(string1, string2, n);
strcm p Accepts two C-strings or pointers to two string arguments. If string1 and string2are
the same, this function returns 0. If string2 is alphabetically greater than string1, it
returns a negative number. If string2 is alphabetically less than string1, it returns a
positive number. Example Usage: if (strcmp(string1, string2))
strstr Accepts two C-strings or pointers to two C-strings as arguments, searches for the
first occurrence of string2 in string1. If an occurrence of string2 is found, the
function returns a pointer to it. Otherwise, it returns a NULL pointer (address 0).
Example Usage: cout << strstr(string1, string2);
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program 10-6
// This program uses the strstr function to search an array
// of strings for a name.
#include <iostream.h>
#include <string.h> // For strstr
void main(void)
{
char prods[5][27] = {"TV327 31 inch Television",
"CD257 CD Player",
"TA677 Answering Machine",
"CS109 Car Stereo",
"PC955 Personal Computer"};
char lookUp[27], *strPtr = NULL;
int index;
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Program continues
cout << "\tProduct Database\n\n";
cout << "Enter a product number to search for: ";
cin.getline(lookUp, 27);
for (index = 0; index < 5; index++)
{
strPtr = strstr(prods[index], lookUp);
if (strPtr != NULL)
break;
}
if (strPtr == NULL)
cout << "No matching product was found.\n";
else
cout << prods[index] << endl;
}
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program Output With Example input
Product Database
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
10.5 String/Numeric Conversion
Functions
• The C++ library provides functions for
converting a C-string representation of a
number to a numeric data type, and vice-
versa.
• The functions in this section require the
stdlib.h file to be included.
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Table 10-4
Function Description
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Table 10-4 Continued
Function Description
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Program 10-7
// This program demonstrates the strcmp and atoi functions.
#include <iostream.h>
#include <string.h> // For strcmp
#include <stdlib.h> // For atoi
void main(void)
{
char input[20];
int total = 0, count = 0;
float average;
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program continues
while ((strcmp(input, "Q") != 0)&&(strcmp(input, "q") != 0))
{
total += atoi(input); // Keep a running total
count++; // Keep track of how many numbers entered
cout << "Enter the next number or Q to quit: ";
cin.getline(input, 20);
}
if (count != 0)
{
average = total / count;
cout << "Average: " << average << endl;
}
}
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program Output With Example input
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
10.6 Focus on Software Engineering:
Writing Your Own C-string-Handling
Functions
• You can design your own specialized
functions for manipulating C-strings.
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program 10-8
// This program uses a function to copy a C-string into an array.
#include <iostream.h>
void main(void)
{
char first[30], second[30];
cout << "Enter a string with no more than 29 characters:\n";
cin.getline(first, 30);
stringCopy(first, second);
cout << "The string you entered is:\n" << second << endl;
}
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Program continues
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Program Output With Example input
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program 10-9
// This program uses the function nameSlice to "cut" the last
// name off of a string that contains the user's first and
// last names.
#include <iostream.h>
void main(void)
{
char name[41];
cout << "Enter your first and last names, separated ";
cout << "by a space:\n";
cin.getline(name, 41);
nameSlice(name);
cout << "Your first name is: " << name << endl;
}
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Program continues
// Definition of function nameSlice. This function accepts a
// character array as its argument. It scans the array looking
// for a space. When it finds one, it replaces it with a null
// terminator.
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program Output With Example input
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Figure 10-3
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Figure 10-4
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Using Pointers to pass C-string
arguments
• Very useful
• Can assume string exists from address
pointed to by the pointer up to the ‘\0’
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program 10-10
// Function prototype
int countChars(char *, char);
void main(void)
{
char userString[51], letter;
cout << "Enter a string (up to 50 characters): ";
cin.getline(userString, 51);
cout << "Enter a character and I will tell you how many\n";
cout << "times it appears in the string: ";
cin >> letter;
cout << letter << " appears ";
cout << countChars(userString, letter) << " times.\n";
}
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// Definition of countChars. The parameter strPtr is a pointer
// that points to a string. The parameter ch is a character that
// the function searches for in the string. The function returns
// the number of times the character appears in the string.
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program Output With Example input
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
The C++ string Class
• Offers “ease of programming” advantages
over the use of C-strings
• Need to #include the string header file
(Notice there is no .h extension.)
• Use the following statement after the
#include statements:
using namespace std;
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program 10-12
// This program demonstrates the C++ string class.
#include <iostream>
#include <string> // Required for the string class
using namespace std;
void main(void)
{
string movieTitle;
string name("William Smith");
}
Program output
My favorite movie is Wheels of Fury
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
A note about the iostream header file
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program 10-13: Using cin with a
string object
// This program demonstrates how cin can read a string into
// a string class object.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
void main(void)
{
string name;
cout << "What is your name? " << endl;
cin >> name;
cout << "Good morning " << name << endl;
}
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Program Output With Example Input
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Reading a line of input into a string
class object
• Use the getline function to read a line of
input, with spaces, into a string object.
Example code:
string name;
cout << “What is your name? “;
getline(cin, name);
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Comparing and Sorting string Objects
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Program 10-14
// This program uses the == operator to compare the string entered
// by the user with the valid stereo part numbers.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
void main(void)
{
const float aprice = 249.0, bprice = 299.0;
string partNum;
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program 10-14 (continued)
if (partNum == "S147-29A")
cout << "The price is $" << aprice << endl;
else if (partNum == "S147-29B")
cout << "The price is $" << bprice << endl;
else
cout << partNum << " is not a valid part number.\n";
}
Program Output
The stereo part numbers are:
Boom Box, part number S147-29A
Shelf Model, part number S147-29B
Enter the part number of the stereo you
wish to purchase: S147-29A [Enter]
The price is $249.00
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Other Ways to Declare string Objects
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program 10-17
// This program demonstrates the C++ string class.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
void main(void)
{
string str1, str2, str3;
str1 = "ABC";
str2 = "DEF";
str3 = str1 + str2;
cout << str1 << endl;
cout << str2 << endl;
cout << str3 << endl;
str3 += "GHI";
cout << str3 << endl;
}
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Program Output
ABC
DEF
ABCDEF
ABCDEFGHI
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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
string class member functions
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