Chapter 3

A World of Regions

Lesson 1.
Global Divides: The North and the South
 Learning Objectives

At the end of this chapter, students are expected to:

01
1. define the term “Global South”
2. defferentiate the Global South from the Third World:
and
3. analyze how a new conception of global relations
emerged from the experiences of 04 Latin American
countries.
While globalization is a phenomen, regionalism
is also seen as political and economic
phenomen.
 The World consists of different regions
which refers to group of countries situated in
same geographic location or amalgamate one
another to oversee flows and policy choices.
Countries on these regions respond
ote or valuable sentence
economically and politically to globalization
thereby forming regional associations for
common purposes like military defense and
here
economic security.
 Regionalism is a political process
characterized by economic policy
cooperation and coordination among
countries (Claudio, 2018).

Whereas regionalism is the

concentration of economic flow within
region thereby binding together the
region’s economy.
Since regionalism is a process, regions are not given or naturally
created.
 Regionalism are product of political
and economic actors, and even social
movements.
The world is divided according to
socio-economic and political aspec
 North-South
Divide
The North-South Divide or Rich-Poor Divide is the socio-economic and
political division between the wealthy developed countries known as “the
North”, and the poorer developing countries or “the South”.
This devide is recently known as
development gap which puts greater
emphasis on the gap between the
economically rich and poor
countries.
 The Global North
The Global North mostly encompasses the West and the First World, along with
many of the Second world. It is the home of all the G8.
Why is it called a G8 countries?
The Group of Eight (G8) refers to the group of eight
highly industrialized nations that hold an annual meeting to
foster consensus on global issues like economic growth and
crisis management, global security, energy, and terrorism.
The G8 countries are Canada, France, Germany,
Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United States and
European Union.
 The Global North
The Global North also includes the outermost regions of the European
Union, Australia,New Zealand, and developed members of Asia.
The four Asian Tigers - Hongkong, Singapore, Taiwan and South
Korea.
The North, with one quarter of the world population, controls four-fifths
of the income earned anywhere in the world. It owned 90% of the
manufacturing industries
200
which are also
180
located in the 90%
countries belonging
to the North.
 The Global South
The Global South refers to regions of Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. It
includes the countries belonging to the Third World and Periphery.These are regions
outside Europe and North America. With three-fourth of the world populations, only has
access to one-fifth of the world income. Hence, countries that have low income and often
politically or culturally marginalized.
“ The use of the phrase Global South marks a shift from
a central focus on development or cultural difference toward
an emphasis on geopolitical relations of power”
(Dados, 2012)
 The Brandt Line
The Brandt line proposed by Willy Brandt in 1980s attempted to show growing income
inequality between countries. However, this theory is no longer considered as valid since
in today’s context some of the world’s strongest economies lie below the Brandt line.

The division of the World as proposed by Willy Brandt.

 World Map showing the modern definition of the North-South.
North South

World map showing the difference between the brandt

line and the modern nourth south divide.

NIC - Newly Industrialized Country

RIC - Rich Industrialized Country
LCD - Least Developed Country
 Global South vs. The Third World
Global South
The emergence of the term Global South is in part to aid countries in the Southern
Hemisphere to work in collaboration on political, economic, social, environmental,
cultural, and technical issue.
This is called a South-South Cooperation (SSC), “a economic changes that
mutually benefit countries in the Global South and lead to greater solidarity among the
disadvantaged in the world system.” (Gray, 2016)
Global South was first used in 1969 in a contemporary political sense and continued
to gain appeal through the second half of the 20th century.
It was a French demographer, anthropologist and economic historian Alfred
Sauvy (1898-1990) who coined the term “"the Third World" in 1952, comparing it with
Third Estate, a concept that emerged during the French Revolution which refers to the
French population.
 Global South vs. The Third World

The Third World

The term was accepted because it clearly differentiated the poor countries from the First
World where countries are wealthy, and to Second World (Communist states) though not so
wealthy but characterized by greater order, higher incomes, and longer expectancies (Butler, 2007).
There growth and develop of the developing countries in the 1970's was slowing developed
countries were becoming dependent on the Third World for energy due to the decline of US oil
reserves. These likely increased the economic power of the Third World. It was at this time that the
term North and South were firstly widely used in lieu of the long standing geographical and
cultural partition of the East and West.
 Global South vs. The Third World
The Global South was merged to the Third World in order to avoid the stigma
brought about by the form "Third World" as being very poor and thus created a new world
order (Butler 2007).
To explain further, Third World countries are experiencing deep poverty, inequality,
and underdevelopment. They are the countries at the periphery that produce mainly agrarian
and mineral raw materials for industrialized states. In deeper sense, the developing countries
originally belong to the Global South still has a chance to become a developed country.
 Global Relation in Latin America

Latin America, like Africa, has small populations but

endowed with rich natural resources. Because of this, this
region is target for grand-scale pillage for capital
accumulation by Europe and the United States. Countries in
Latin America were under the control of either Spain or
Portugal during the Colonial Era. During the 19th century,
the world capitalist system exploited the peonized peasants.
The tillers. laborers, and uneducated were subject to brutality
by big agrarian landowners. The natural resources like mines
were exploited by the developed countries.
 Global Relation in Latin America

Certain rights were abolished like right to vote. Specialized

police services were established giving extra-legal authority to arrest
and torture people who go against the government. The brutal super-
exploitation in Latin America are worse compared to other regions in
the world.
 Global Relation in Latin America
Until now, some countries in the region are still suffering and recovering from
the brutal treatment as the result of dictatorships. The situation of the Philippines
during and after the colonial era was much better compared to the experiences of Latin
America.
Even before the current globalization trends appear in Latin America, they
were actually experiencing the wide-raging globalization which resulted to
exploitation and abuse. Danilo Antón (1998) in his article, "Different waves of
globalization in Latin America".
Different waves of Globalization:
1. Military Wave
2. Economic Wave
3. Cultural Wave
 Global Relation in Latin America
The first wave of globalization was the “military wave” that happened around 15th
to 16th centuries. Extracontinental military invasion of the Americas was immediately felt.
There were political and cultural annihilation of the indigenous people. The first wave was
extremely brutal.

The second wave of globalization was the “economic wave”. The Spanish and
Portuguese colonies were well established this time in the 90th century. Latin America was
the basic source of raw materials by the European countries. During this time, the
globalization development was mainly related to the requirements of the European industrial
revolution. Natural resources in this period were exploited and workers were abused.
However, infectious diseases were reduced, communication, and transportation were
developed.
 Global Relation in Latin America
“Cultural wave” was the third globalization wave. Due to the nature of technological
changes, globalization affects the cultural sphere of Latin America. Computers and
telecommunications were now made available and air travel has become widespread. The
flow of merchandise and trade is easier and accomplishing lots of things. Women has
become increasingly important in the workplace. A lot of changes were happening.
Communication was becoming better. People within the region can now communicate with
each other and to other regions of the world. But new disease was introduced like AIDS or
HIV.
Though the impact of the third wave was already felt during the 20th century, the
impact of the second wave was still felt and very much alive. Both waves in the last decade
was simultaneously experienced affecting many countries around the world. The better
effects brought by the third wave were often outweighed by its negative impacts. A lot of
raw materials were produced and exported outside the region resulting to higher income to
the detriment of the environment.
 Global Relation in Latin America

Native trees or crops were replaced by other plants highly demanded by the
importing countries resulting to soil erosion. Increased consumption of sea products
promoted expansion of aquaculture resulting to reduction the water quality
Despite of these effects, the national cultures of Latin America still exist. These are
important assets to regional societies. However, many individuals and communities have no
political control over their common destinies. The weakening of the state capacity and the
increase in access of information might be a source of opportunity for the individuals and
communities. The tools offered by this new globalization, according to Anton (1998), might
paved the way for planetary survival and social renewal.
 Global Relation in Latin America

Native trees or crops were replaced by other plants highly demanded by the
importing countries resulting to soil erosion. Increased consumption of sea products
promoted expansion of aquaculture resulting to reduction the water quality
Despite of these effects, the national cultures of Latin America still exist. These are
important assets to regional societies. However, many individuals and communities have no
political control over their common destinies. The weakening of the state capacity and the
increase in access of information might be a source of opportunity for the individuals and
communities. The tools offered by this new globalization, according to Anton (1998), might
paved the way for planetary survival and social renewal.
 Global Relation in Latin America

Native trees or crops were replaced by other plants highly demanded by the
importing countries resulting to soil erosion. Increased consumption of sea products
promoted expansion of aquaculture resulting to reduction the water quality
Despite of these effects, the national cultures of Latin America still exist. These are
important assets to regional societies. However, many individuals and communities have no
political control over their common destinies. The weakening of the state capacity and the
increase in access of information might be a source of opportunity for the individuals and
communities. The tools offered by this new globalization, according to Anton (1998), might
paved the way for planetary survival and social renewal.
Chapter 3
A World of Regions

Lesson 2.
Asian Regionalism
 Learning Objectives

At the end of this chapter, students are expected to:

01
1. differentiate between regionalization and globalization
2. identify the factors leading to a greater integration of
the Asian region: and
3. analyze how different Asian states confront the
challenges of globalization and regionalism.
04
 Regionalization vs. Globalization

Regionalization is the concentration of economic flow within region thereby binding

together the region’s economy. It is a process of dividing areas into smaller segments
called regions. While Globalization promotes economic integration across state
borders around the world allowing many companies to trade internationally that
permit free market. Whereas the former, may not allow corporations outside its region
to trade and more likely create monopolies within the region.
Regionalization vs. Globalization
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