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Digital Filter Structures and Filter Design
Digital Filter Structures and Filter Design
Filter
2
Types of filters
3
Ideal Low pass filter
|H()|
Pass Band • passes all the frequencies
up to cut-off frequency (c)
with constant gain.
• rejects all frequencies above
to c completely.
•
- -c 0 c abrupt transition from pass
band to stop band.
4
|H()|
Max. gain
Transition
Min. gain
band
Pass- Stop-band
band Min. attenuation
to
p s
0
1 1
to - to
-c 0 c -2 -0 -1 0 1 0 2
|H()| |H()|
1 1
to -
to - to to
7
8
Steps in Digital Filter Design:
9
REALIZATION OF DIGITAL
FILTER
N-1 M-1
This is a difference equation for most practical cases, where x(n) is input, y(n) is output
and y(n-k) is previous output and ak and bk are system coefficients
M-1
y(n)= bk x(n-k)
k=0
10
REALIZATION OF DIGITAL
FILTER
IIR Filter (All pole or autoregressive system): Put b k =0 for K greater equal to 1 and less equal to
M
N-1
N-1 M-1
11
Realization
Structures of FIR systems:
1. Direct form
2. Cascade form
Y (z)
H (z) =
X (z)
Y(z) = X(z) . H(z)
Taking Inverse z-Transform,
y(n) = x(n) * h(n)
From the Convolution Sum,
Expanding,
15
y(n) = x(n).h(0) + x(n-1) . h(1) + … + x(n-M+1). h(M-1)
+ y(n)
Z-1
+
Z-1
x(n-2) h(2)
+
Z-1
16
Direct Form of FIR filters
H(z) = 1 + 3z -1 + 2z -2
y(n) = x(n) + 3x(n-1) + 2x(n-2)
1
x(n) + y(n)
Z-1
x(n-1) 3
+
Z-1
x(n-2)
2
17
Direct Form FIR Digital Filter
Structures
An FIR filter of order N is characterized by
N+1 coefficients and, in general, require
N+1 multipliers and N two-input adders
Structures in which the multiplier coefficients
are precisely the coefficients of the
transfer function are called direct form
structures
Direct Form FIR Digital Filter
Structures
A direct form realization of an FIR filter can
be readily developed from the convolution
sum description as indicated below for N =
4
Direct Form FIR Digital Filter
Structures
An analysis of this structure yields
y[n] h[0]x[n] h[1]x[n 1] h[2]x[n 2]
h[3]x[n 3] h[4]x[n 4]
which is precisely of the form of the
convolution sum description
The direct form structure shown on the
previous slide is also known as a tapped
delay line or a transversal filter
Direct Form FIR Digital Filter
Structures
The transpose of the direct form structure
shown earlier is indicated below
h(k) . z-k
H(z) = K=0
p
= Hl(z)
l=1
1 2
1 2 3
H ( z ) h[0] h[1]z h[2]z h[3]z
x(n) H 1(z)
H(z)
2
y(n)
40
Selection of Filter Type
• The transfer function H(z) meeting the
frequency response specifications should be
a causal transfer function
• For IIR digital filter design, the IIR transfer
1
function is a real rational function of z :
1 2 M
p0 p1z p2 z pM z
H ( z) 1 2 N
, M N
d 0 d1z d2 z dN z
• H(z) must be a stable transfer function and
must be of lowest order N for reduced
41 computational complexity
Selection of Filter Type
• For FIR digital filter design, the FIR
transfer function is a polynomial in z 1
with real coefficients:
N
n
H ( z ) h[n] z
n 0