•Objective:

•To build a better building with the proper efficient

METAL materials; you need to know the pros and cons of one
material over another. Also cost is a factor…
•Building or Construction materials are engineering
materials that are subjected to loads and are expected
to respond through the process of deformation to the
actions of the loading. The properties of building
materials are the basic attributes required for
sustainability during load application, which includes,
strength, stress/strain, modulus (elastic and shear),
ductility, creep, durability, shrinkage, permeability etc
Metals

There are two types of metals:

• Ferrous: All the metals in this group contain Iron. They include wrought iron, mild steel and
cast steel. Ferrous metals rust easily when exposed to the atmosphere and are magnetic.
• Non- Ferrous: do not contain iron. They are softer and therefore more malleable. They have
industrial uses as well as aesthetic purposes – precious metals like gold and silver are
both non-ferrous. Actually, all pure metal forms, except for pure iron, are non-ferrous.
 The Periodic Table
Shows all known elements in the universe.
Understanding the organization and plan of the periodic table will help you obtain basic information about each of the 118 known elements.

Dmitri Mendeleev
General Mechanical Properties of
Metals
• Hardness:-A material’s power to resist a permanent change in shape when acted upon by an external force is
known as hardness.
• Brittleness:-Brittleness is the likelihood that a material will fail or fracture under a relatively small shock, force, or
impact.
• Ductility:-Ductility is the capability of a metal to be permanently bent, twisted, or otherwise manipulated without
breaking or cracking.
• Toughness:-Toughness is the capacity of a metal to not break when a significant force is applied.
• Strength:-A metal’s ability to resist deformation is known as its strength.
 A stress–strain curve for a material gives the relationship between
stress and strain. It is obtained by gradually applying load to a test
Stress Strain Curve coupon and measuring the deformation, from which the stress and
strain can be determined.
 Ferrous Metals
• All the metals in this
There are group contain Iron.
two types of They include •Plain Carbon Steels
metals wrought iron, mild
steel and cast steel. •Alloy Steels
Ferrous Ferrous metals rust
Non- easily when exposed
to the atmosphere
Ferrous and are magnetic.
 Ferrous Metals
Plain Carbon Steel: These steels are a series of iron and carbon alloys
with carbon content varying between 0.05% and 1.4%
• Dead mild Steel Uses: chains, rivets, nails, thin wire
• Mild Steel Uses: General engineering work, girders, plates for ship
building, gates.
• Medium Carbon Steel Uses: Axles, rail tracks, spades wire ropes
• High Carbon Steel (Cast Steel) Uses: Cutting tools (chisels, saws, files)
dies punches springs hammers
• Silver Steel Uses: Scribers and screwdriver heads
• Tool Steel Used for making engineering tools
• Tinplate Uses: for food containers. It is also used as containers for
many other products such as paint, lubricants etc
• Galvanised Iron Uses: for roof sheeting, gates, water tanks, dust bins
and other outdoor articles
Alloy Steels: These steels are produced from adding elements such as
chromium, tungsten, nickel and manganese to steel.
Non Ferrous Metal
A non-ferrous metal is a metal, including alloys, that does not contain iron in appreciable
amounts. Generally more costly than ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals are used because
of desirable properties such as low weight, higher conductivity, non-magnetic property or
resistance to corrosion.
 Chemical Properties

Properties of Physical Properties

Metals

Mechanical Properties
 Properties that have to
do with chemical
composition of metals.
Chemical
Properties
Corrosion resistance is
an example of a
chemical property.
Physical • Characteristics of metals when they are not
Properties being acted on by outside forces
• Color
• Density
• Weight
 Hardness - resistance to denting or
scratching.

Hardenability - the ability of a metal to be

hardened.

Mechanical Ductility - property of metal that allows it to be

permanently deformed by hammering, rolling,
Properties or drawing without breaking.

Malleability - how easily metal can change

shape when mechanically worked.

Most malleble metals are ductile.

Mechanical Properties

•Fusibility - how easily a liquid metal will join with another liquid metal.
•Machinability - how easily a metal may be machined
•Toughness - ability to withstand sudden shock without breaking
•Brittleness - property that causes metal to break or crack easily
•Elasticity - ability of material to return to its original size and shape
Mechanical Tensile strength - resistance of
Properties being pulled apart

Compressive strength -
resistance of being squeezed
together

Torsion strength - resistance to

twisting forces
Questions & Reflections

• Why is glass brittle, while copper is ductile? What is meant by

a ductile material?
• If we take two rods, one of Al and one of steel, why is it easier to bend
the Al rod as compared to the steel rod?
• How can I change properties like hardness, without changing the
composition
• Why does Iron corrode easily, while Aluminium does not (or does not
seem to?!)?
• Why does the electrical conductivity of Cu decrease on heating, while
that of Si increases?