PROVIDE CARE AND SUPPORT TO

THE INFANTS AND TODDLERS

Marilou M. Pamintuan
A. Basic Needs of Children
Physical Needs Emotional Needs
Shelter Recognition
Activity, Rest Independence
and Exercise
Safety Socialization
Clothing Acceptance, Trust
Food Affection, Security,
Love
D. Care of the Infant At Home
 Guidelines:
 Always support the child’s head.
 Hold the infant close to you.
 DO NOT carry other objects while you are carrying a baby.
 DO NOT hold an infant while you are talking on the phone or cooking at
the stove.
 DO NOT carry a baby into a dark room.
 Be alert to basic household hazards such as liquid spills, shoes, and
clothing on the floor and loose rugs.
 Be alert while carrying a baby up and down stairs.
 Wear good supporting shoes with nonskid soles while you are carrying a
baby.
The Role of Personal Home
Aide:
 a. Teacher
 b. Stabilizer
 c. Primary Caregiver
 d. Assistant Caregiver
 e. Observer
 1. Cleaning and Sterilizing Feeding Bottles

How to Clean Infant and Toddler’s Feeding Bottles

1. Rinse the baby bottles directly after use. Try to use hot
water when rinsing out the bottle, as this will clean
more effectively.
2. Gather the right cleaning materials:
3. Rinse out the sink and fill with hot soapy water
 Cleaning and Sterilizing Feeding Bottles
 4. Dismantle the bottle and wash each part separately.
a. Place all of the bottle parts into the hot, soapy water
and wash separately. Use the bottle brush for the
bottles and the nipple brush for the plastic nipples and
rings.
Cleaning and Sterilizing Feeding Bottles
 5. Wash your hands before cleaning the bottle
feeding parts. Once the bottles are dry, remember to
wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm
water before handling the bottles or feeding your
baby.
 Sterilizing Bottles
 1. Before you sterilize, you’ll need to clean the used
bottles thoroughly. Wash the bottles in clean soapy
water, along with the teats, retaining rings, caps, and
the manufacturer’s scoop that comes with the tin of
formula. This way, every trace of milk is removed.
 Sterilizing Bottles

2. Use a bottle sterilizer. When you need to sterilize

your bottles, you can do so using an electric steam
sterilizer or a microwave steam sterilizer
a. With both types of sterilizer, the bottles are immersed in steam at
a temperature of 212 degrees F (or 100 degrees Celcius), which
kills off any bacteria.
Sterilizing Bottles
 b. With the electric sterilizer, you add water, stack
the bottles, rings and nipples (spaced well apart),
cover with a lid, plug in and turn on. The
sterilization process takes approximately 10
minutes.
 c. With the microwave sterilizer, the process is
essentially the same. Once the bottles are in the
sterilizer, place it in the microwave and heat on full
power for 4 to 8 minutes, depending on the wattage
of your microwave.
 Assisting with Infant Feeding: Breastfeeding

Guidelines: Assisting with Breastfeeding

1. Remind the mother to wash her hands.
2. If the baby does not take the breast, have the mother stroke he cheek closest
to the breast with her nipple.
3. While the breast is in the baby’s mouth, remind the mother to keep the breast
tissue away from the baby’s nose with one or two fingers.
4. To remove the breast from the baby’s mouth, the mother should break the
suction by either inserting her little finger in the corner or the baby’s mouth
or pushing on her breast tissue near the baby’s mouth.
Assisting with Infant Feeding: Bottle Feeding

 Guidelines
 1. Make sure that the formula is fresh and the bottle
have been properly stored.
 2. Follow the mother’s wishes as to the temperature
of the bottles when the baby is fed. Check the
temperature of the formula before you feed the baby.
3.How to Prepare Milk for Baby
 Four Methods of preparing Milk Formula:
 a. Powder Formula
 b. Liquid Formula
 c. Breast Milk
 d. Heating the Baby Bottles
a. Powder Formula
Liquid Formula
 4. Burping the Infant
 Two methods for burping a baby

1. Cover your shoulder with a clean cloth. This could be

a small towel or a cloth diaper. Hold the baby in a
vertical position so his head is resting on your shoulder.
Gently rub and/or pat the infant’s back until you hear
the burp
Burping the Infant

2. Sit the infant on your leg so his feet are dangling on

your side. Put one of your hands on the infant’s
chest and lean the baby over so your hand supports
him. Gently rub and pat the baby’s back with your
other hand until you hear the burp.
Feeding Infants and Toddlers
1. Nutrition
A child's nourishment during the first years of life
can affect the ability to learn, communicate,
socialize and adapt to new environments and
people. Breast milk and formula are nutritionally
complete and do not need to be supplemented
for the first four to six months.
 Feeding Infants and Toddlers

Protein - growth of brain cells during development.

Protein is most concentrated in animal
products like meat, milk, and eggs. Concentrated
vegetable sources of protein include soy,
legumes, nuts and seeds.
 Feeding Infants and Toddlers
 Fats - essential for proper brain function. Food rich
infats include cold-water fatty fish such as salmon,
herring and sardines. Flax seed oil also contains
significant amounts of essential fatty acids. Add to
salads, cooked vegetables or stir into cereal.
Feeding Infants and Toddlers
 Feeding Infants and Toddlers
 Iron - is critical for brain and nervous system
development. It is an important components of red blood
cells that are responsible for carrying oxygen to the brain.
 Fortified infant cereal is the best source of iron for
babies and can be continued well into the toddler years.
Feeding Infants and Toddlers
 Toddlers and preschoolers can also get an excellent
source of iron from Earth's Best Sesame Street
cereals. Foods which are naturally high in iron
include dark meat like beef, pork, lamb and dark meat
poultry, dark leafy greens such as spinach,
collard greens, parsley and watercress, raisins,
dried apricots and egg yolks.
 Feeding Infants and Toddlers
 Vitamin A - necessary for vision. Excellent sources of
vitamin A include sweet potatoes, winter squash,
carrots, apricots, spinach, and fortified dairy
products.
 Feeding Infants and Toddlers
 B Vitamins - are found in
many different foods,
including grains, meats,
dried beans, and fortified
cereals and snacks. These
vitamins play numerous
roles from supporting
proper vision, unlocking
the energy in
carbohydrates, and the
protective myelin sheath
around brain cells.
 2. Indicators of Readiness for Solid
Food
 Physiologically ready developmentally ready
 can balance their head
 The extrusion reflex has
disappeared well
 can sit alone
 Infants show readiness
 can turn away from foods
to chew when object are
brought to their mouth that they dislikes or when
they are already satisfied
 Teeth eruption has begun

to facilitate chewing and

biting
 3. Starting Solid Foods
 Prepare for feeding with a
baby spoon (plastic is
best), bib, and an infant
seat or high chair.
 Begin with single-
ingredient foods
 Feed the baby when he or
she is hungry, but do not
overfeed. Look for signals
that the feeding is finished
such as shaking the head.
 Make meal time a happy
time, usually morning or
midday is the best time
for offering feeding new
foods.
 Never force your child
to finish bottles or food.
 Never leave your child
alone while eating.
4. Hygienic Preparation of Feeds
 Clean Hands
 Clean utensils
 Safe water and food
 Safe storage
Five Keys to Safer Food
 Keep clean
 Separate raw and cooked foods
 Cook thoroughly
 Keep food at safe temperatures
 Use safe water and raw materials
 Sample of Food Preparation by Age
 6 – 8 months
Sample of Food Preparation by 9-12 mos
Sample of Food Preparation 1 – 3 y.o
F. Bathing the Infant
 cleaning for newborn; it is an excellent opportunity
for making observations.
 Sponge bath while the cord is still attached to the
baby, a sponge bath with warm water or baby lotion
can be given daily.
 You can keep bath time fun and safe for your child
by following our golden rules for bath safety. This
guide also explains how to prevent drowning and
scalding in the bath.
 Important Consideration in bathing
 The use of colognes, scented powders, lotions and strong soaps is
discouraged. Use of baby powder should be avoided because of
the danger of aspiration pneumonia.
 The baby should be bathed before feeding to prevent spitting up
 The temperature of the room should be warm, about 24 Celsius to
prevent chilling. The water temperature should feel pleasantly
warm to the wrist or elbow about 37 to 38 Celsius.
 The ideal soap for babies is one that is mild and non-irritating.
Materials needed for bathing an infant comprise of water, mild
soap, a wash cloth and towel, clean comb, clean diaper and shirt
Important consideration in Bathing
 The bath should proceed from the cleanest area of the body to
the most soiled parts.
 It is necessary to assemble all equipment according to the
order of their use beforehand prevent the baby from being
exposed too long in the cold.
 There is no fixed time to bathe a baby.
 Four Golden Rules for Safe Bath Times:
 Always supervise babies, toddlers and children less than
five years in the bath. Never leave older children or siblings
to supervise.
 Check the water temperature is between 37°C and 38°C
before you put your child in.
 Get everything ready in advance so you can stay with your
child for bath time – towel, face washer, cotton wool, clean
nappy and clean clothes.
 Let the water out as soon as bath time is over.

Get everything ready in advance.

G. Infant Massage
 The benefits of massage for the infant include:
 It helps baby learn to relax.
 It improves immune system.
 It promotes bonding and communication.
 It promotes positive body image.
 It decreases the production of stress hormones.
 It promotes sounder and longer sleep.
 It helps to regulate digestive, respiratory, and circulatory
systems.
 It helps relieve discomfort from gas and colic, congestion,
and teething
 Preparation in Diapering
 Wash and dry your hands, or clean them with hand
sanitizer or a baby wipe.
 Set up a warm, clean area to change your baby’s
diaper.
 Grab your supplies, including a clean diaper and
plenty of wipes or wet cloths. For babies with
sensitive skin, you can use lukewarm water and
gauze. If your baby is prone to diaper rash, keep rash
cream or petroleum jelly on hand.
Steps in Diapering
Rest and Sleep
 Newborns :8 hours daytime, 8.5 hours
night time
 1 month : 6. 75 hours daytime, 8.75
hours night time
 4 months : 4.5 hours daytime, 10. 5 hours
night time
 6 months :3 – 4 hours daytime, 11 hours
night time
 1 year :2.5 hours daytime, 11.5 hours night time
If infant awakens at night, provide:

 Soft music
 Rocking
 Pacifier
 Dim light and quiet
 The following health teachings can help parents and caregivers:

 Avoid stimulation during night time feedings and

diaper change.
 To ensure a sound sleep, keep noise to minimum and
avoid bright sights.
 Do not place anything in the crib or bassinet that may
interfere with the infant’s breathing this includes plush
toys, pillows, and blankets.
 Establishing a bedtime ritual like bathing, reading or
singing can help a baby to relax and sleep.
Creating a Secure Infant-Toddler Environment

 The arrangement of the physical space is very

important for safety in child care.
 Infants and toddlers crawl, climb and fall often. As
their mobility increases, so do the safety hazards.
Use approved gates or doors to close off stairways
that lead to basements, upper floors and other
levels. Continually check to see that all gates and
doors are closed. Kitchen, laundry and storage
areas are not safe for children.
Common Health Problems:
1. Constipation-more common among bottle-fed infants.
Management:
a. Add more fluids or carbohydrates/ sugar
b. If due to an unusually tight anal sphincter, dilate twice or thrice a
day by means of gloved little finger
2. Loose stool- careful history should be taken; management should
depend on the cause
3. Colic- paroxysmal abdominal pain common in infants below 3
moths of age
Causes:
a. Overfeeding c. Too much carbohydrates
b. Gas distention d. Tense and unsure mother
Management: a. Feed by self demand. It is the best schedule
because it meets the There
individual needs
is no substitute of the NB
for hardwork!
 b. Tell the mother to burp the infant at least twice during a feeding
c. Feed baby in upright position
d. May need to change formula, as per doctor’s
e. Reduce sugar content of formula
4. Spitting-up -due to poorly developed cardiac sphincter; more
common among bottle-fed infants. Will disappear when
coordination with swallowing is achieved and digestion improves.
Management:
a. Feed in upright position because gravity will aid in gastric
emptying
b. Position on right side after feeding
c. Bubble/ burp more frequently
5. Diaper rash/Skin irritation-maybe due either to poor hygiene or
irritation from urine, feces and some laundry products
There is no substitute for hardwork!
Management:
a. Expose to air-most important and effective
b. Careful washing and rinsing away of irritating soap from the skin

6. Miliaria- (OT) Prickly heat, Bungang araw

-starch bath or starch powder
7. Seborrheic dermatitis- (OT) Cradle cap
-involves the sebaceous glands due to poor hygiene
-Management: Apply mineral oil or vaseline on the scalp at night before
giving shampoo in the morning
8. Occasional “Crossed Eyes”-normal in many babies because the eye
muscles of coordination have not yet fully developed; will disappear
spontaneously
*Clothing the NB-if the mother feels warm, keep the baby cool, if the
mother feels cold warm the baby
*Babies sleep 16-20 hoursThere
a day
is no substitute for hardwork!
 Creating a Secure Infant-Toddler Environment
 3. Have adequate storage for infants’ and toddlers’
supplies and belongings.
 4. Monitor the water supply and food preparation.
 5. Protect mobile infants and toddlers from surfaces and
equipment that may injure them. Remove clutter that
could cause stumbling and tripping or that might be a
choking hazard.
 6. Children of this age will naturally explore any area
they can reach. Safety locks or latches should be
installed on all low cabinets and drawers.
 7. The windows and doors in an infant-toddler area can
be dangerous for young children.
Indoor
 Outdoor
 1. Set up the outdoor area so it is challenging but safe.
 2. Provide a variety of materials, equipment and
structures for climbing, riding, pushing, pulling, and
digging.
 3. Take special precautions when your outside play area
is shared with others. Every day you should thoroughly
check for debris and broken equipment before your
children go out to play.
 4. Establish safety and supervision procedures for taking
children outside.
Crib A crib or infant bed, is a small bed specifically for infants
and very young children. Cribs are a historically recent
development intended to contain a child capable of standing. The
cage-like design of cribs restricts the child to the bed. Around two
or three years of age, children are able to climb out and are moved
to a toddler bed to prevent an injurious fall while escaping the crib.
 Important Considerations
 Slats no more than 2 3/8  Safe corner posts: If
inches apart: Crib should
have slats that are close
enough together to
prevent your baby's head
from slipping through or
getting stuck. The
distance between the crib
slats must be no more
than 2 3/8 inches (about
the size of a soda can).
the crib has corner
posts, they should be no
higher than 1/16 of an
inch (unless they're
over 16 inches high to
support a canopy). If
corner posts are higher
than 1/16 of an inch,
clothing can catch on
them and injure or
choke an infant.
Standard Crib
Convertible Crib
Travel Crib
 Fall  Strangulation
 Cribs with drop  If the drop side
sides: The rule is detaches or comes
simple: Don't use loose, a baby can
them. The movable become entrapped and
railings known as drop strangle or suffocate in
sides were common the space between the
on cribs for decades, drop side and the crib
but can pose a serious
hazard to babies.
UNSAFE
SAFE
 Old cribs: Secondhand cribs may have splinters, lead paint,
discontinued (and potentially dangerous) features, or slats that are
too far apart. However, if you are looking to save money and may
want to consider choosing a used baby crib, use you senses:
 Look - Look for peeling paint, poor workmanship and other
defects that may indicate that the crib is unsafe.
 Touch - Run your hands over the slats and rail of the crib. Feel for
splinters, that could irritate or puncture your baby’s soft skin.
 Listen - Give the crib a shake, listen for rattles and unusual sounds
that may indicate the crib is unsuitable or has loose parts.
 Smell - Smell for mold and mildew that could be hidden from
plain view that can cause a respiratory infection in babies.
 Rule of thumb; the older a baby crib, the more unsafe it will be
for your baby.